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HTML.pm 0000644 00000042555 15051135233 0005657 0 ustar 00 #---------------------------------------------------------------------
package IO::HTML;
#
# Copyright 2014 Christopher J. Madsen
#
# Author: Christopher J. Madsen <perl@cjmweb.net>
# Created: 14 Jan 2012
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the same terms as Perl itself.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See either the
# GNU General Public License or the Artistic License for more details.
#
# ABSTRACT: Open an HTML file with automatic charset detection
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
use 5.008;
use strict;
use warnings;
use Carp 'croak';
use Encode 2.10 qw(decode find_encoding); # need utf-8-strict encoding
use Exporter 5.57 'import';
our $VERSION = '1.001';
# This file is part of IO-HTML 1.001 (June 28, 2014)
our $default_encoding ||= 'cp1252';
our @EXPORT = qw(html_file);
our @EXPORT_OK = qw(find_charset_in html_file_and_encoding html_outfile
sniff_encoding);
our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
rw => [qw( html_file html_file_and_encoding html_outfile )],
all => [ @EXPORT, @EXPORT_OK ],
);
#=====================================================================
sub html_file
{
(&html_file_and_encoding)[0]; # return just the filehandle
} # end html_file
# Note: I made html_file and html_file_and_encoding separate functions
# (instead of making html_file context-sensitive) because I wanted to
# use html_file in function calls (i.e. list context) without having
# to write "scalar html_file" all the time.
sub html_file_and_encoding
{
my ($filename, $options) = @_;
$options ||= {};
open(my $in, '<:raw', $filename) or croak "Failed to open $filename: $!";
my ($encoding, $bom) = sniff_encoding($in, $filename, $options);
if (not defined $encoding) {
croak "No default encoding specified"
unless defined($encoding = $default_encoding);
$encoding = find_encoding($encoding) if $options->{encoding};
} # end if we didn't find an encoding
binmode $in, sprintf(":encoding(%s):crlf",
$options->{encoding} ? $encoding->name : $encoding);
return ($in, $encoding, $bom);
} # end html_file_and_encoding
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
sub html_outfile
{
my ($filename, $encoding, $bom) = @_;
if (not defined $encoding) {
croak "No default encoding specified"
unless defined($encoding = $default_encoding);
} # end if we didn't find an encoding
elsif (ref $encoding) {
$encoding = $encoding->name;
}
open(my $out, ">:encoding($encoding)", $filename)
or croak "Failed to open $filename: $!";
print $out "\x{FeFF}" if $bom;
return $out;
} # end html_outfile
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
sub sniff_encoding
{
my ($in, $filename, $options) = @_;
$filename = 'file' unless defined $filename;
$options ||= {};
my $pos = tell $in;
croak "Could not seek $filename: $!" if $pos < 0;
croak "Could not read $filename: $!" unless defined read $in, my $buf, 1024;
seek $in, $pos, 0 or croak "Could not seek $filename: $!";
# Check for BOM:
my $bom;
my $encoding = do {
if ($buf =~ /^\xFe\xFF/) {
$bom = 2;
'UTF-16BE';
} elsif ($buf =~ /^\xFF\xFe/) {
$bom = 2;
'UTF-16LE';
} elsif ($buf =~ /^\xEF\xBB\xBF/) {
$bom = 3;
'utf-8-strict';
} else {
find_charset_in($buf, $options); # check for <meta charset>
}
}; # end $encoding
if ($bom) {
seek $in, $bom, 1 or croak "Could not seek $filename: $!";
$bom = 1;
}
elsif (not defined $encoding) { # try decoding as UTF-8
my $test = decode('utf-8-strict', $buf, Encode::FB_QUIET);
if ($buf =~ /^(?: # nothing left over
| [\xC2-\xDF] # incomplete 2-byte char
| [\xE0-\xEF] [\x80-\xBF]? # incomplete 3-byte char
| [\xF0-\xF4] [\x80-\xBF]{0,2} # incomplete 4-byte char
)\z/x and $test =~ /[^\x00-\x7F]/) {
$encoding = 'utf-8-strict';
} # end if valid UTF-8 with at least one multi-byte character:
} # end if testing for UTF-8
if (defined $encoding and $options->{encoding} and not ref $encoding) {
$encoding = find_encoding($encoding);
} # end if $encoding is a string and we want an object
return wantarray ? ($encoding, $bom) : $encoding;
} # end sniff_encoding
#=====================================================================
# Based on HTML5 8.2.2.2 Determining the character encoding:
# Get attribute from current position of $_
sub _get_attribute
{
m!\G[\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D /]+!gc; # skip whitespace or /
return if /\G>/gc or not /\G(=?[^\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D =]*)/gc;
my ($name, $value) = (lc $1, '');
if (/\G[\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D ]*=[\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D ]*/gc
and (/\G"([^"]*)"?/gc or
/\G'([^']*)'?/gc or
/\G([^\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D >]*)/gc)) {
$value = lc $1;
} # end if attribute has value
return wantarray ? ($name, $value) : 1;
} # end _get_attribute
# Examine a meta value for a charset:
sub _get_charset_from_meta
{
for (shift) {
while (/charset[\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D ]*=[\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D ]*/ig) {
return $1 if (/\G"([^"]*)"/gc or
/\G'([^']*)'/gc or
/\G(?!['"])([^\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D ;]+)/gc);
}
} # end for value
return undef;
} # end _get_charset_from_meta
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
sub find_charset_in
{
for (shift) {
my $options = shift || {};
my $stop = length > 1024 ? 1024 : length; # search first 1024 bytes
my $expect_pragma = (defined $options->{need_pragma}
? $options->{need_pragma} : 1);
pos() = 0;
while (pos() < $stop) {
if (/\G<!--.*?(?<=--)>/sgc) {
} # Skip comment
elsif (m!\G<meta(?=[\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D /])!gic) {
my ($got_pragma, $need_pragma, $charset);
while (my ($name, $value) = &_get_attribute) {
if ($name eq 'http-equiv' and $value eq 'content-type') {
$got_pragma = 1;
} elsif ($name eq 'content' and not defined $charset) {
$need_pragma = $expect_pragma
if defined($charset = _get_charset_from_meta($value));
} elsif ($name eq 'charset') {
$charset = $value;
$need_pragma = 0;
}
} # end while more attributes in this <meta> tag
if (defined $need_pragma and (not $need_pragma or $got_pragma)) {
$charset = 'UTF-8' if $charset =~ /^utf-?16/;
$charset = 'cp1252' if $charset eq 'iso-8859-1'; # people lie
if (my $encoding = find_encoding($charset)) {
return $options->{encoding} ? $encoding : $encoding->name;
} # end if charset is a recognized encoding
} # end if found charset
} # end elsif <meta
elsif (m!\G</?[a-zA-Z][^\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D >]*!gc) {
1 while &_get_attribute;
} # end elsif some other tag
elsif (m{\G<[!/?][^>]*}gc) {
} # skip unwanted things
elsif (m/\G</gc) {
} # skip < that doesn't open anything we recognize
# Advance to the next <:
m/\G[^<]+/gc;
} # end while not at search boundary
} # end for string
return undef; # Couldn't find a charset
} # end find_charset_in
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Shortcuts for people who don't like exported functions:
*file = \&html_file;
*file_and_encoding = \&html_file_and_encoding;
*outfile = \&html_outfile;
#=====================================================================
# Package Return Value:
1;
__END__
=head1 NAME
IO::HTML - Open an HTML file with automatic charset detection
=head1 VERSION
This document describes version 1.001 of
IO::HTML, released June 28, 2014.
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use IO::HTML; # exports html_file by default
use HTML::TreeBuilder;
my $tree = HTML::TreeBuilder->new_from_file(
html_file('foo.html')
);
# Alternative interface:
open(my $in, '<:raw', 'bar.html');
my $encoding = IO::HTML::sniff_encoding($in, 'bar.html');
=head1 DESCRIPTION
IO::HTML provides an easy way to open a file containing HTML while
automatically determining its encoding. It uses the HTML5 encoding
sniffing algorithm specified in section 8.2.2.2 of the draft standard.
The algorithm as implemented here is:
=over
=item 1.
If the file begins with a byte order mark indicating UTF-16LE,
UTF-16BE, or UTF-8, then that is the encoding.
=item 2.
If the first 1024 bytes of the file contain a C<< <meta> >> tag that
indicates the charset, and Encode recognizes the specified charset
name, then that is the encoding. (This portion of the algorithm is
implemented by C<find_charset_in>.)
The C<< <meta> >> tag can be in one of two formats:
<meta charset="...">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="...charset=...">
The search is case-insensitive, and the order of attributes within the
tag is irrelevant. Any additional attributes of the tag are ignored.
The first matching tag with a recognized encoding ends the search.
=item 3.
If the first 1024 bytes of the file are valid UTF-8 (with at least 1
non-ASCII character), then the encoding is UTF-8.
=item 4.
If all else fails, use the default character encoding. The HTML5
standard suggests the default encoding should be locale dependent, but
currently it is always C<cp1252> unless you set
C<$IO::HTML::default_encoding> to a different value. Note:
C<sniff_encoding> does not apply this step; only C<html_file> does
that.
=back
=head1 SUBROUTINES
=head2 html_file
$filehandle = html_file($filename, \%options);
This function (exported by default) is the primary entry point. It
opens the file specified by C<$filename> for reading, uses
C<sniff_encoding> to find a suitable encoding layer, and applies it.
It also applies the C<:crlf> layer. If the file begins with a BOM,
the filehandle is positioned just after the BOM.
The optional second argument is a hashref containing options. The
possible keys are described under C<find_charset_in>.
If C<sniff_encoding> is unable to determine the encoding, it defaults
to C<$IO::HTML::default_encoding>, which is set to C<cp1252>
(a.k.a. Windows-1252) by default. According to the standard, the
default should be locale dependent, but that is not currently
implemented.
It dies if the file cannot be opened.
=head2 html_file_and_encoding
($filehandle, $encoding, $bom)
= html_file_and_encoding($filename, \%options);
This function (exported only by request) is just like C<html_file>,
but returns more information. In addition to the filehandle, it
returns the name of the encoding used, and a flag indicating whether a
byte order mark was found (if C<$bom> is true, the file began with a
BOM). This may be useful if you want to write the file out again
(especially in conjunction with the C<html_outfile> function).
The optional second argument is a hashref containing options. The
possible keys are described under C<find_charset_in>.
It dies if the file cannot be opened. The result of calling it in
scalar context is undefined.
=head2 html_outfile
$filehandle = html_outfile($filename, $encoding, $bom);
This function (exported only by request) opens C<$filename> for output
using C<$encoding>, and writes a BOM to it if C<$bom> is true.
If C<$encoding> is C<undef>, it defaults to C<$IO::HTML::default_encoding>.
C<$encoding> may be either an encoding name or an Encode::Encoding object.
It dies if the file cannot be opened.
=head2 sniff_encoding
($encoding, $bom) = sniff_encoding($filehandle, $filename, \%options);
This function (exported only by request) runs the HTML5 encoding
sniffing algorithm on C<$filehandle> (which must be seekable, and
should have been opened in C<:raw> mode). C<$filename> is used only
for error messages (if there's a problem using the filehandle), and
defaults to "file" if omitted. The optional third argument is a
hashref containing options. The possible keys are described under
C<find_charset_in>.
It returns Perl's canonical name for the encoding, which is not
necessarily the same as the MIME or IANA charset name. It returns
C<undef> if the encoding cannot be determined. C<$bom> is true if the
file began with a byte order mark. In scalar context, it returns only
C<$encoding>.
The filehandle's position is restored to its original position
(normally the beginning of the file) unless C<$bom> is true. In that
case, the position is immediately after the BOM.
Tip: If you want to run C<sniff_encoding> on a file you've already
loaded into a string, open an in-memory file on the string, and pass
that handle:
($encoding, $bom) = do {
open(my $fh, '<', \$string); sniff_encoding($fh)
};
(This only makes sense if C<$string> contains bytes, not characters.)
=head2 find_charset_in
$encoding = find_charset_in($string_containing_HTML, \%options);
This function (exported only by request) looks for charset information
in a C<< <meta> >> tag in a possibly incomplete HTML document using
the "two step" algorithm specified by HTML5. It does not look for a BOM.
Only the first 1024 bytes of the string are checked.
It returns Perl's canonical name for the encoding, which is not
necessarily the same as the MIME or IANA charset name. It returns
C<undef> if no charset is specified or if the specified charset is not
recognized by the Encode module.
The optional second argument is a hashref containing options. The
following keys are recognized:
=over
=item C<encoding>
If true, return the L<Encode::Encoding> object instead of its name.
Defaults to false.
=item C<need_pragma>
If true (the default), follow the HTML5 spec and examine the
C<content> attribute only of C<< <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" >>.
If set to 0, relax the HTML5 spec, and look for "charset=" in the
C<content> attribute of I<every> meta tag.
=back
=head1 EXPORTS
By default, only C<html_file> is exported. Other functions may be
exported on request.
For people who prefer not to export functions, all functions beginning
with C<html_> have an alias without that prefix (e.g. you can call
C<IO::HTML::file(...)> instead of C<IO::HTML::html_file(...)>. These
aliases are not exportable.
=for Pod::Coverage
file
file_and_encoding
outfile
The following export tags are available:
=over
=item C<:all>
All exportable functions.
=item C<:rw>
C<html_file>, C<html_file_and_encoding>, C<html_outfile>.
=back
=head1 SEE ALSO
The HTML5 specification, section 8.2.2.2 Determining the character encoding:
L<http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/syntax.html#determining-the-character-encoding>
=head1 DIAGNOSTICS
=over
=item C<< Could not read %s: %s >>
The specified file could not be read from for the reason specified by C<$!>.
=item C<< Could not seek %s: %s >>
The specified file could not be rewound for the reason specified by C<$!>.
=item C<< Failed to open %s: %s >>
The specified file could not be opened for reading for the reason
specified by C<$!>.
=item C<< No default encoding specified >>
The C<sniff_encoding> algorithm didn't find an encoding to use, and
you set C<$IO::HTML::default_encoding> to C<undef>.
=back
=head1 CONFIGURATION AND ENVIRONMENT
IO::HTML requires no configuration files or environment variables.
=head1 DEPENDENCIES
IO::HTML has no non-core dependencies for Perl 5.8.7+. With earlier
versions of Perl 5.8, you need to upgrade L<Encode> to at least
version 2.10, and
you may need to upgrade L<Exporter> to at least version
5.57.
=head1 INCOMPATIBILITIES
None reported.
=head1 BUGS AND LIMITATIONS
No bugs have been reported.
=head1 AUTHOR
Christopher J. Madsen S<C<< <perl AT cjmweb.net> >>>
Please report any bugs or feature requests
to S<C<< <bug-IO-HTML AT rt.cpan.org> >>>
or through the web interface at
L<< http://rt.cpan.org/Public/Bug/Report.html?Queue=IO-HTML >>.
You can follow or contribute to IO-HTML's development at
L<< https://github.com/madsen/io-html >>.
=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
This software is copyright (c) 2014 by Christopher J. Madsen.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
=head1 DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY
BECAUSE THIS SOFTWARE IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE SOFTWARE, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE SOFTWARE "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE
ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE IS WITH
YOU. SHOULD THE SOFTWARE PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL
NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR, OR CORRECTION.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE SOFTWARE AS PERMITTED BY THE ABOVE LICENSE, BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL,
OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE
THE SOFTWARE (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING
RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A
FAILURE OF THE SOFTWARE TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER SOFTWARE), EVEN IF
SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.
=cut
Socket/SSL/Intercept.pm 0000644 00000026163 15051135233 0010736 0 ustar 00
package IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept;
use strict;
use warnings;
use Carp 'croak';
use IO::Socket::SSL::Utils;
use Net::SSLeay;
our $VERSION = '2.056';
sub new {
my ($class,%args) = @_;
my $cacert = delete $args{proxy_cert};
if ( ! $cacert ) {
if ( my $f = delete $args{proxy_cert_file} ) {
$cacert = PEM_file2cert($f);
} else {
croak "no proxy_cert or proxy_cert_file given";
}
}
my $cakey = delete $args{proxy_key};
if ( ! $cakey ) {
if ( my $f = delete $args{proxy_key_file} ) {
$cakey = PEM_file2key($f);
} else {
croak "no proxy_cert or proxy_cert_file given";
}
}
my $certkey = delete $args{cert_key};
if ( ! $certkey ) {
if ( my $f = delete $args{cert_key_file} ) {
$certkey = PEM_file2key($f);
}
}
my $cache = delete $args{cache} || {};
if (ref($cache) eq 'CODE') {
# check cache type
my $type = $cache->('type');
if (!$type) {
# old cache interface - change into new interface
# get: $cache->(fp)
# set: $cache->(fp,cert,key)
my $oc = $cache;
$cache = sub {
my ($fp,$create_cb) = @_;
my @ck = $oc->($fp);
$oc->($fp, @ck = &$create_cb) if !@ck;
return @ck;
};
} elsif ($type == 1) {
# current interface:
# get/set: $cache->(fp,cb_create)
} else {
die "invalid type of cache: $type";
}
}
my $self = bless {
cacert => $cacert,
cakey => $cakey,
certkey => $certkey,
cache => $cache,
serial => delete $args{serial},
};
return $self;
}
sub DESTROY {
# call various ssl _free routines
my $self = shift or return;
for ( \$self->{cacert},
map { \$_->{cert} } ref($self->{cache}) ne 'CODE' ? values %{$self->{cache}} :()) {
$$_ or next;
CERT_free($$_);
$$_ = undef;
}
for ( \$self->{cakey}, \$self->{pubkey} ) {
$$_ or next;
KEY_free($$_);
$$_ = undef;
}
}
sub clone_cert {
my ($self,$old_cert,$clone_key) = @_;
my $hash = CERT_asHash($old_cert);
my $create_cb = sub {
# if not in cache create new certificate based on original
# copy most but not all extensions
if (my $ext = $hash->{ext}) {
@$ext = grep {
defined($_->{sn}) && $_->{sn} !~m{^(?:
authorityInfoAccess |
subjectKeyIdentifier |
authorityKeyIdentifier |
certificatePolicies |
crlDistributionPoints
)$}x
} @$ext;
}
my ($clone,$key) = CERT_create(
%$hash,
issuer_cert => $self->{cacert},
issuer_key => $self->{cakey},
key => $self->{certkey},
serial =>
! defined($self->{serial}) ? (unpack('L',$hash->{x509_digest_sha256}))[0] :
ref($self->{serial}) eq 'CODE' ? $self->{serial}($old_cert,$hash) :
++$self->{serial},
);
return ($clone,$key);
};
$clone_key ||= substr(unpack("H*", $hash->{x509_digest_sha256}),0,32);
my $c = $self->{cache};
return $c->($clone_key,$create_cb) if ref($c) eq 'CODE';
my $e = $c->{$clone_key} ||= do {
my ($cert,$key) = &$create_cb;
{ cert => $cert, key => $key };
};
$e->{atime} = time();
return ($e->{cert},$e->{key});
}
sub STORABLE_freeze { my $self = shift; $self->serialize() }
sub STORABLE_thaw { my ($class,undef,$data) = @_; $class->unserialize($data) }
sub serialize {
my $self = shift;
my $data = pack("N",2); # version
$data .= pack("N/a", PEM_cert2string($self->{cacert}));
$data .= pack("N/a", PEM_key2string($self->{cakey}));
if ( $self->{certkey} ) {
$data .= pack("N/a", PEM_key2string($self->{certkey}));
} else {
$data .= pack("N/a", '');
}
$data .= pack("N",$self->{serial});
if ( ref($self->{cache}) eq 'HASH' ) {
while ( my($k,$v) = each %{ $self->{cache}} ) {
$data .= pack("N/aN/aN/aN", $k,
PEM_cert2string($k->{cert}),
$k->{key} ? PEM_key2string($k->{key}) : '',
$k->{atime});
}
}
return $data;
}
sub unserialize {
my ($class,$data) = @_;
unpack("N",substr($data,0,4,'')) == 2 or
croak("serialized with wrong version");
( my $cacert,my $cakey,my $certkey,my $serial,$data)
= unpack("N/aN/aN/aNa*",$data);
my $self = bless {
serial => $serial,
cacert => PEM_string2cert($cacert),
cakey => PEM_string2key($cakey),
$certkey ? ( certkey => PEM_string2key($certkey)):(),
}, ref($class)||$class;
$self->{cache} = {} if $data ne '';
while ( $data ne '' ) {
(my $key,my $cert,my $certkey, my $atime,$data) = unpack("N/aN/aNa*",$data);
$self->{cache}{$key} = {
cert => PEM_string2cert($cert),
$key ? ( key => PEM_string2key($certkey)):(),
atime => $atime
};
}
return $self;
}
1;
__END__
=head1 NAME
IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept -- SSL interception (man in the middle)
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept;
# create interceptor with proxy certificates
my $mitm = IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept->new(
proxy_cert_file => 'proxy_cert.pem',
proxy_key_file => 'proxy_key.pem',
...
);
my $listen = IO::Socket::INET->new( LocalAddr => .., Listen => .. );
while (1) {
# TCP accept new client
my $client = $listen->accept or next;
# SSL connect to server
my $server = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
PeerAddr => ..,
SSL_verify_mode => ...,
...
) or die "ssl connect failed: $!,$SSL_ERROR";
# clone server certificate
my ($cert,$key) = $mitm->clone_cert( $server->peer_certificate );
# and upgrade client side to SSL with cloned certificate
IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($client,
SSL_server => 1,
SSL_cert => $cert,
SSL_key => $key
) or die "upgrade failed: $SSL_ERROR";
# now transfer data between $client and $server and analyze
# the unencrypted data
...
}
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This module provides functionality to clone certificates and sign them with a
proxy certificate, thus making it easy to intercept SSL connections (man in the
middle). It also manages a cache of the generated certificates.
=head1 How Intercepting SSL Works
Intercepting SSL connections is useful for analyzing encrypted traffic for
security reasons or for testing. It does not break the end-to-end security of
SSL, e.g. a properly written client will notice the interception unless you
explicitly configure the client to trust your interceptor.
Intercepting SSL works the following way:
=over 4
=item *
Create a new CA certificate, which will be used to sign the cloned certificates.
This proxy CA certificate should be trusted by the client, or (a properly
written client) will throw error messages or deny the connections because it
detected a man in the middle attack.
Due to the way the interception works there no support for client side
certificates is possible.
Using openssl such a proxy CA certificate and private key can be created with:
openssl genrsa -out proxy_key.pem 1024
openssl req -new -x509 -extensions v3_ca -key proxy_key.pem -out proxy_cert.pem
# export as PKCS12 for import into browser
openssl pkcs12 -export -in proxy_cert.pem -inkey proxy_key.pem -out proxy_cert.p12
=item *
Configure client to connect to use intercepting proxy or somehow redirect
connections from client to the proxy (e.g. packet filter redirects, ARP or DNS
spoofing etc).
=item *
Accept the TCP connection from the client, e.g. don't do any SSL handshakes with
the client yet.
=item *
Establish the SSL connection to the server and verify the servers certificate as
usually. Then create a new certificate based on the original servers
certificate, but signed by your proxy CA.
This is the step where IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept helps.
=item *
Upgrade the TCP connection to the client to SSL using the cloned certificate
from the server. If the client trusts your proxy CA it will accept the upgrade
to SSL.
=item *
Transfer data between client and server. While the connections to client and
server are both encrypted with SSL you will read/write the unencrypted data in
your proxy application.
=back
=head1 METHODS
IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept helps creating the cloned certificate with the
following methods:
=over 4
=item B<< $mitm = IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept->new(%args) >>
This creates a new interceptor object. C<%args> should be
=over 8
=item proxy_cert X509 | proxy_cert_file filename
This is the proxy certificate.
It can be either given by an X509 object from L<Net::SSLeay>s internal
representation, or using a file in PEM format.
=item proxy_key EVP_PKEY | proxy_key_file filename
This is the key for the proxy certificate.
It can be either given by an EVP_PKEY object from L<Net::SSLeay>s internal
representation, or using a file in PEM format.
The key should not have a passphrase.
=item pubkey EVP_PKEY | pubkey_file filename
This optional argument specifies the public key used for the cloned certificate.
It can be either given by an EVP_PKEY object from L<Net::SSLeay>s internal
representation, or using a file in PEM format.
If not given it will create a new public key on each call of C<new>.
=item serial INTEGER|CODE
This optional argument gives the starting point for the serial numbers of the
newly created certificates. If not set the serial number will be created based
on the digest of the original certificate. If the value is code it will be
called with C<< serial(original_cert,CERT_asHash(original_cert)) >> and should
return the new serial number.
=item cache HASH | SUBROUTINE
This optional argument gives a way to cache created certificates, so that they
don't get recreated on future accesses to the same host.
If the argument ist not given an internal HASH ist used.
If the argument is a hash it will store for each generated certificate a hash
reference with C<cert> and C<atime> in the hash, where C<atime> is the time of
last access (to expire unused entries) and C<cert> is the certificate. Please
note, that the certificate is in L<Net::SSLeay>s internal X509 format and can
thus not be simply dumped and restored.
The key for the hash is an C<ident> either given to C<clone_cert> or generated
from the original certificate.
If the argument is a subroutine it will be called as C<< $cache->(ident,sub) >>.
This call should return either an existing (cached) C<< (cert,key) >> or
call C<sub> without arguments to create a new C<< (cert,key) >>, store it
and return it.
If called with C<< $cache->('type') >> the function should just return 1 to
signal that it supports the current type of cache. If it reutrns nothing
instead the older cache interface is assumed for compatibility reasons.
=back
=item B<< ($clone_cert,$key) = $mitm->clone_cert($original_cert,[ $ident ]) >>
This clones the given certificate.
An ident as the key into the cache can be given (like C<host:port>), if not it
will be created from the properties of the original certificate.
It returns the cloned certificate and its key (which is the same for alle
created certificates).
=item B<< $string = $mitm->serialize >>
This creates a serialized version of the object (e.g. a string) which can then
be used to persistantly store created certificates over restarts of the
application. The cache will only be serialized if it is a HASH.
To work together with L<Storable> the C<STORABLE_freeze> function is defined to
call C<serialize>.
=item B<< $mitm = IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept->unserialize($string) >>
This restores an Intercept object from a serialized string.
To work together with L<Storable> the C<STORABLE_thaw> function is defined to
call C<unserialize>.
=back
=head1 AUTHOR
Steffen Ullrich
Socket/SSL/PublicSuffix.pm 0000644 00000660246 15051135233 0011412 0 ustar 00
use strict;
use warnings;
package IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix;
use Carp;
# for updates
use constant URL => 'http://publicsuffix.org/list/effective_tld_names.dat';
=head1 NAME
IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix - provide access to Mozilla's list of effective TLD names
=head1 SYNOPSIS
# use builtin default
use IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix;
$ps = IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix->default;
# load from string
$ps = IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix->from_string("*.uk\n*");
# load from file or file handle
$ps = IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix->from_file($filename);
$ps = IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix->from_file(\*STDIN);
# --- string in -> string out
# $rest -> whatever.host
# $tld -> co.uk
my ($rest,$tld) = $ps->public_suffix('whatever.host.co.uk');
my $tld = $ps->public_suffix('whatever.host.co.uk');
# $root_domain -> host.co.uk
my $root_domain = $ps->public_suffix('whatever.host.co.uk', 1);
# --- array in -> array out
# $rest -> [qw(whatever host)]
# $tld -> [qw(co uk)]
my ($rest,$tld) = $ps->public_suffix([qw(whatever host co uk)]);
----
# To update this file with the current list:
perl -MIO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix -e 'IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix::update_self_from_url()'
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This module uses the list of effective top level domain names from the mozilla
project to determine the public top level domain for a given hostname.
=head2 Method
=over 4
=item class->default(%args)
Returns object with builtin default.
C<min_suffix> can be given in C<%args> to specify the minimal suffix, default
is 1.
=item class->from_string(string,%args)
Returns object with configuration from string.
See method C<default> for C<%args>.
=item class->from_file( file name| file handle, %args )
Returns object with configuration from file or file handle.
See method C<default> for C<%args>.
=item $self->public_suffix( $host|\@host, [ $add ] )
In array context the function returns the non-tld part and the tld part of the
given hostname, in scalar context only the tld part.
It adds C<$add> parts of the non-tld part to the tld, e.g. with C<$add=1> it
will return the root domain.
If there were no explicit matches against the public suffix configuration it
will fall back to a suffix of length 1.
The function accepts a string or an array-ref (e.g. host split by C<.>). In the
first case it will return string(s), in the latter case array-ref(s).
International hostnames or labels can be in ASCII (IDNA form starting with
C<xn-->) or unicode. In the latter case an IDNA handling library like
L<Net::IDN:::Encode>, L<Net::LibIDN> or recent versions of L<URI> need to be
installed.
=item ($self|class)->can_idn
Returns true if IDN support is available.
=back
=head1 FILES
http://publicsuffix.org/list/effective_tld_names.dat
=head1 SEE ALSO
Domain::PublicSuffix, Mozilla::PublicSuffix
=head1 BUGS
Q: Why yet another module, we already have L<Domain::PublicSuffix> and
L<Mozilla::PublicSuffix>.
A: Because the public suffix data change more often than these modules do,
IO::Socket::SSL needs this list and it is more easy this way to keep it
up-to-date.
=head1 AUTHOR
Steffen Ullrich
=cut
BEGIN {
if ( eval {
require URI::_idna;
defined &URI::_idna::encode && defined &URI::_idna::decode
}) {
*idn_to_ascii = \&URI::_idna::encode;
*idn_to_unicode = \&URI::_idna::decode;
*can_idn = sub { 1 };
} elsif ( eval { require Net::IDN::Encode } ) {
*idn_to_ascii = \&Net::IDN::Encode::domain_to_ascii;
*idn_to_unicode = \&Net::IDN::Encode::domain_to_unicode;
*can_idn = sub { 1 };
} elsif ( eval { require Net::LibIDN; require Encode } ) {
# Net::LibIDN does not use utf-8 flag and expects raw data
*idn_to_ascii = sub {
Net::LibIDN::idn_to_ascii(Encode::encode('utf-8',$_[0]),'utf-8');
},
*idn_to_unicode = sub {
Encode::decode('utf-8',Net::LibIDN::idn_to_unicode($_[0],'utf-8'));
},
*can_idn = sub { 1 };
} else {
*idn_to_ascii = sub { croak "idn_to_ascii(@_) - no IDNA library installed" };
*idn_to_unicode = sub { croak "idn_to_unicode(@_) - no IDNA library installed" };
*can_idn = sub { 0 };
}
}
{
my %default;
sub default {
my (undef,%args) = @_;
my $min_suffix = delete $args{min_suffix};
$min_suffix = 1 if ! defined $min_suffix;
%args and die "unknown args: ".join(" ",sort keys %args);
return $default{$min_suffix} ||= shift->from_string(_default_data(),
min_suffix => $min_suffix);
}
}
sub from_string {
my $class = shift;
my $data = shift;
open( my $fh,'<', \$data );
return $class->from_file($fh,@_);
}
sub from_file {
my ($class,$file,%args) = @_;
my $min_suffix = delete $args{min_suffix};
$min_suffix = 1 if ! defined $min_suffix;
%args and die "unknown args: ".join(" ",sort keys %args);
my $fh;
if ( ref($file)) {
$fh = $file
} elsif ( ! open($fh,'<',$file)) {
die "failed to open $file: $!";
}
my %tree;
local $/ = "\n";
while ( my $line = <$fh>) {
$line =~s{//.*}{};
$line =~s{\s+$}{};
$line eq '' and next;
my $p = \%tree;
$line = idn_to_ascii($line) if $line !~m{\A[\x00-\x7f]*\Z};
my $not = $line =~s{^!}{};
my @path = split(m{\.},$line);
for(reverse @path) {
$p = $p->{$_} ||= {}
}
$p->{'\0'} = $not ? -1:1;
}
return bless {
tree => \%tree,
min_suffix => $min_suffix
},$class;
}
sub public_suffix {
my ($self,$name,$add) = @_;
my $want; # [a]rray, [s]tring, [u]nicode-string
if ( ref($name)) {
$want = 'a';
$name = [ @$name ]; # don't change input
} else {
return if ! defined $name;
if ( $name !~m{\A[\x00-\x7f]*\Z} ) {
$name = idn_to_ascii($name);
$want = 'u';
} else {
$want = 's';
}
$name = lc($name);
$name =~s{\.$}{};
$name = [ $name =~m{([^.]+)}g ];
}
@$name or return;
$_ = lc($_) for(@$name);
my (%wild,%host,%xcept,@stack,$choices);
my $p = $self->{tree};
for( my $i=0; $i<@$name; $i++ ) {
$choices = [];
if ( my $px = $p->{ $name->[$#$name-$i] } ) {
# name match, continue with next path element
push @$choices,$px;
if ( my $end = $px->{'\0'} ) {
( $end>0 ? \%host : \%xcept )->{$i+1} = $end;
}
}
if ( my $px = $p->{'*'} ) {
# wildcard match, continue with next path element
push @$choices,$px;
if ( my $end = $px->{'\0'} ) {
( $end>0 ? \%wild : \%xcept )->{$i+1} = $end;
}
}
next_choice:
if ( @$choices ) {
$p = shift(@$choices);
push @stack, [ $choices, $i ] if @$choices;
next; # go deeper
}
# backtrack
@stack or last;
($choices,$i) = @{ pop(@stack) };
goto next_choice;
}
#warn Dumper([\%wild,\%host,\%xcept]); use Data::Dumper;
# remove all exceptions from wildcards
delete @wild{ keys %xcept } if %xcept;
# get longest match
my ($len) = sort { $b <=> $a } (
keys(%wild), keys(%host), map { $_-1 } keys(%xcept));
# if we have no matches use a minimum of min_suffix
$len = $self->{min_suffix} if ! defined $len;
$len += $add if $add;
my $suffix;
if ( $len < @$name ) {
$suffix = [ splice( @$name, -$len, $len ) ];
} elsif ( $len > 0 ) {
$suffix = $name;
$name = []
} else {
$suffix = []
}
if ( $want ne 'a' ) {
$suffix = join('.',@$suffix);
$name = join('.',@$name);
if ( $want eq 'u' ) {
$suffix = idn_to_unicode($suffix);
$name = idn_to_unicode($name);
}
}
return wantarray ? ($name,$suffix):$suffix;
}
{
my $data;
sub _default_data {
if ( ! defined $data ) {
$data = _builtin_data();
$data =~s{^// ===END ICANN DOMAINS.*}{}ms
or die "cannot find END ICANN DOMAINS";
}
return $data;
}
}
sub update_self_from_url {
my $url = shift || URL();
my $dst = __FILE__;
-w $dst or die "cannot write $dst";
open( my $fh,'<',$dst ) or die "open $dst: $!";
my $code = '';
local $/ = "\n";
while (<$fh>) {
$code .= $_;
m{<<\'END_BUILTIN_DATA\'} and last;
}
my $tail;
while (<$fh>) {
m{\AEND_BUILTIN_DATA\r?\n} or next;
$tail = $_;
last;
}
$tail .= do { local $/; <$fh> };
close($fh);
require LWP::UserAgent;
my $resp = LWP::UserAgent->new->get($url)
or die "no response from $url";
die "no success url=$url code=".$resp->code." ".$resp->message
if ! $resp->is_success;
my $content = $resp->decoded_content;
while ( $content =~m{(.*\n)}g ) {
my $line = $1;
if ( $line =~m{\S} && $line !~m{\A\s*//} ) {
$line =~s{//.*}{};
$line =~s{\s+$}{};
$line eq '' and next;
if ( $line !~m{\A[\x00-\x7f]+\Z} ) {
$line = idn_to_ascii($line);
}
$code .= "$line\n";
} else {
$code .= "$line";
}
}
open( $fh,'>:utf8',$dst ) or die "open $dst: $!";
print $fh $code.$tail;
}
sub _builtin_data { return <<'END_BUILTIN_DATA' }
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
// file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
// Please pull this list from, and only from https://publicsuffix.org/list/public_suffix_list.dat,
// rather than any other VCS sites. Pulling from any other URL is not guaranteed to be supported.
// Instructions on pulling and using this list can be found at https://publicsuffix.org/list/.
// ===BEGIN ICANN DOMAINS===
// ac : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ac
ac
com.ac
edu.ac
gov.ac
net.ac
mil.ac
org.ac
// ad : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ad
ad
nom.ad
// ae : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ae
// see also: "Domain Name Eligibility Policy" at http://www.aeda.ae/eng/aepolicy.php
ae
co.ae
net.ae
org.ae
sch.ae
ac.ae
gov.ae
mil.ae
// aero : see https://www.information.aero/index.php?id=66
aero
accident-investigation.aero
accident-prevention.aero
aerobatic.aero
aeroclub.aero
aerodrome.aero
agents.aero
aircraft.aero
airline.aero
airport.aero
air-surveillance.aero
airtraffic.aero
air-traffic-control.aero
ambulance.aero
amusement.aero
association.aero
author.aero
ballooning.aero
broker.aero
caa.aero
cargo.aero
catering.aero
certification.aero
championship.aero
charter.aero
civilaviation.aero
club.aero
conference.aero
consultant.aero
consulting.aero
control.aero
council.aero
crew.aero
design.aero
dgca.aero
educator.aero
emergency.aero
engine.aero
engineer.aero
entertainment.aero
equipment.aero
exchange.aero
express.aero
federation.aero
flight.aero
freight.aero
fuel.aero
gliding.aero
government.aero
groundhandling.aero
group.aero
hanggliding.aero
homebuilt.aero
insurance.aero
journal.aero
journalist.aero
leasing.aero
logistics.aero
magazine.aero
maintenance.aero
media.aero
microlight.aero
modelling.aero
navigation.aero
parachuting.aero
paragliding.aero
passenger-association.aero
pilot.aero
press.aero
production.aero
recreation.aero
repbody.aero
res.aero
research.aero
rotorcraft.aero
safety.aero
scientist.aero
services.aero
show.aero
skydiving.aero
software.aero
student.aero
trader.aero
trading.aero
trainer.aero
union.aero
workinggroup.aero
works.aero
// af : http://www.nic.af/help.jsp
af
gov.af
com.af
org.af
net.af
edu.af
// ag : http://www.nic.ag/prices.htm
ag
com.ag
org.ag
net.ag
co.ag
nom.ag
// ai : http://nic.com.ai/
ai
off.ai
com.ai
net.ai
org.ai
// al : http://www.ert.gov.al/ert_alb/faq_det.html?Id=31
al
com.al
edu.al
gov.al
mil.al
net.al
org.al
// am : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.am
am
// ao : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ao
// http://www.dns.ao/REGISTR.DOC
ao
ed.ao
gv.ao
og.ao
co.ao
pb.ao
it.ao
// aq : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.aq
aq
// ar : https://nic.ar/nic-argentina/normativa-vigente
ar
com.ar
edu.ar
gob.ar
gov.ar
int.ar
mil.ar
musica.ar
net.ar
org.ar
tur.ar
// arpa : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.arpa
// Confirmed by registry <iana-questions@icann.org> 2008-06-18
arpa
e164.arpa
in-addr.arpa
ip6.arpa
iris.arpa
uri.arpa
urn.arpa
// as : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.as
as
gov.as
// asia : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.asia
asia
// at : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.at
// Confirmed by registry <it@nic.at> 2008-06-17
at
ac.at
co.at
gv.at
or.at
// au : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au
// http://www.auda.org.au/
au
// 2LDs
com.au
net.au
org.au
edu.au
gov.au
asn.au
id.au
// Historic 2LDs (closed to new registration, but sites still exist)
info.au
conf.au
oz.au
// CGDNs - http://www.cgdn.org.au/
act.au
nsw.au
nt.au
qld.au
sa.au
tas.au
vic.au
wa.au
// 3LDs
act.edu.au
nsw.edu.au
nt.edu.au
qld.edu.au
sa.edu.au
tas.edu.au
vic.edu.au
wa.edu.au
// act.gov.au Bug 984824 - Removed at request of Greg Tankard
// nsw.gov.au Bug 547985 - Removed at request of <Shae.Donelan@services.nsw.gov.au>
// nt.gov.au Bug 940478 - Removed at request of Greg Connors <Greg.Connors@nt.gov.au>
qld.gov.au
sa.gov.au
tas.gov.au
vic.gov.au
wa.gov.au
// aw : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.aw
aw
com.aw
// ax : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ax
ax
// az : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.az
az
com.az
net.az
int.az
gov.az
org.az
edu.az
info.az
pp.az
mil.az
name.az
pro.az
biz.az
// ba : http://nic.ba/users_data/files/pravilnik_o_registraciji.pdf
ba
com.ba
edu.ba
gov.ba
mil.ba
net.ba
org.ba
// bb : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bb
bb
biz.bb
co.bb
com.bb
edu.bb
gov.bb
info.bb
net.bb
org.bb
store.bb
tv.bb
// bd : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bd
*.bd
// be : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.be
// Confirmed by registry <tech@dns.be> 2008-06-08
be
ac.be
// bf : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bf
bf
gov.bf
// bg : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bg
// https://www.register.bg/user/static/rules/en/index.html
bg
a.bg
b.bg
c.bg
d.bg
e.bg
f.bg
g.bg
h.bg
i.bg
j.bg
k.bg
l.bg
m.bg
n.bg
o.bg
p.bg
q.bg
r.bg
s.bg
t.bg
u.bg
v.bg
w.bg
x.bg
y.bg
z.bg
0.bg
1.bg
2.bg
3.bg
4.bg
5.bg
6.bg
7.bg
8.bg
9.bg
// bh : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bh
bh
com.bh
edu.bh
net.bh
org.bh
gov.bh
// bi : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bi
// http://whois.nic.bi/
bi
co.bi
com.bi
edu.bi
or.bi
org.bi
// biz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.biz
biz
// bj : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bj
bj
asso.bj
barreau.bj
gouv.bj
// bm : http://www.bermudanic.bm/dnr-text.txt
bm
com.bm
edu.bm
gov.bm
net.bm
org.bm
// bn : http://www.bnnic.bn/faqs
bn
com.bn
edu.bn
gov.bn
net.bn
org.bn
// bo : https://nic.bo/delegacion2015.php#h-1.10
bo
com.bo
edu.bo
gob.bo
int.bo
org.bo
net.bo
mil.bo
tv.bo
web.bo
// Social Domains
academia.bo
agro.bo
arte.bo
blog.bo
bolivia.bo
ciencia.bo
cooperativa.bo
democracia.bo
deporte.bo
ecologia.bo
economia.bo
empresa.bo
indigena.bo
industria.bo
info.bo
medicina.bo
movimiento.bo
musica.bo
natural.bo
nombre.bo
noticias.bo
patria.bo
politica.bo
profesional.bo
plurinacional.bo
pueblo.bo
revista.bo
salud.bo
tecnologia.bo
tksat.bo
transporte.bo
wiki.bo
// br : http://registro.br/dominio/categoria.html
// Submitted by registry <fneves@registro.br>
br
9guacu.br
abc.br
adm.br
adv.br
agr.br
aju.br
am.br
anani.br
aparecida.br
arq.br
art.br
ato.br
b.br
barueri.br
belem.br
bhz.br
bio.br
blog.br
bmd.br
boavista.br
bsb.br
campinagrande.br
campinas.br
caxias.br
cim.br
cng.br
cnt.br
com.br
contagem.br
coop.br
cri.br
cuiaba.br
curitiba.br
def.br
ecn.br
eco.br
edu.br
emp.br
eng.br
esp.br
etc.br
eti.br
far.br
feira.br
flog.br
floripa.br
fm.br
fnd.br
fortal.br
fot.br
foz.br
fst.br
g12.br
ggf.br
goiania.br
gov.br
// gov.br 26 states + df https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Brazil
ac.gov.br
al.gov.br
am.gov.br
ap.gov.br
ba.gov.br
ce.gov.br
df.gov.br
es.gov.br
go.gov.br
ma.gov.br
mg.gov.br
ms.gov.br
mt.gov.br
pa.gov.br
pb.gov.br
pe.gov.br
pi.gov.br
pr.gov.br
rj.gov.br
rn.gov.br
ro.gov.br
rr.gov.br
rs.gov.br
sc.gov.br
se.gov.br
sp.gov.br
to.gov.br
gru.br
imb.br
ind.br
inf.br
jab.br
jampa.br
jdf.br
joinville.br
jor.br
jus.br
leg.br
lel.br
londrina.br
macapa.br
maceio.br
manaus.br
maringa.br
mat.br
med.br
mil.br
morena.br
mp.br
mus.br
natal.br
net.br
niteroi.br
*.nom.br
not.br
ntr.br
odo.br
ong.br
org.br
osasco.br
palmas.br
poa.br
ppg.br
pro.br
psc.br
psi.br
pvh.br
qsl.br
radio.br
rec.br
recife.br
ribeirao.br
rio.br
riobranco.br
riopreto.br
salvador.br
sampa.br
santamaria.br
santoandre.br
saobernardo.br
saogonca.br
sjc.br
slg.br
slz.br
sorocaba.br
srv.br
taxi.br
teo.br
the.br
tmp.br
trd.br
tur.br
tv.br
udi.br
vet.br
vix.br
vlog.br
wiki.br
zlg.br
// bs : http://www.nic.bs/rules.html
bs
com.bs
net.bs
org.bs
edu.bs
gov.bs
// bt : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bt
bt
com.bt
edu.bt
gov.bt
net.bt
org.bt
// bv : No registrations at this time.
// Submitted by registry <jarle@uninett.no>
bv
// bw : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bw
// http://www.gobin.info/domainname/bw.doc
// list of other 2nd level tlds ?
bw
co.bw
org.bw
// by : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.by
// http://tld.by/rules_2006_en.html
// list of other 2nd level tlds ?
by
gov.by
mil.by
// Official information does not indicate that com.by is a reserved
// second-level domain, but it's being used as one (see www.google.com.by and
// www.yahoo.com.by, for example), so we list it here for safety's sake.
com.by
// http://hoster.by/
of.by
// bz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bz
// http://www.belizenic.bz/
bz
com.bz
net.bz
org.bz
edu.bz
gov.bz
// ca : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca
ca
// ca geographical names
ab.ca
bc.ca
mb.ca
nb.ca
nf.ca
nl.ca
ns.ca
nt.ca
nu.ca
on.ca
pe.ca
qc.ca
sk.ca
yk.ca
// gc.ca: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gc.ca
// see also: http://registry.gc.ca/en/SubdomainFAQ
gc.ca
// cat : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cat
cat
// cc : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cc
cc
// cd : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cd
// see also: https://www.nic.cd/domain/insertDomain_2.jsp?act=1
cd
gov.cd
// cf : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cf
cf
// cg : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cg
cg
// ch : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ch
ch
// ci : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ci
// http://www.nic.ci/index.php?page=charte
ci
org.ci
or.ci
com.ci
co.ci
edu.ci
ed.ci
ac.ci
net.ci
go.ci
asso.ci
xn--aroport-bya.ci
int.ci
presse.ci
md.ci
gouv.ci
// ck : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ck
*.ck
!www.ck
// cl : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cl
cl
gov.cl
gob.cl
co.cl
mil.cl
// cm : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cm plus bug 981927
cm
co.cm
com.cm
gov.cm
net.cm
// cn : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cn
// Submitted by registry <tanyaling@cnnic.cn>
cn
ac.cn
com.cn
edu.cn
gov.cn
net.cn
org.cn
mil.cn
xn--55qx5d.cn
xn--io0a7i.cn
xn--od0alg.cn
// cn geographic names
ah.cn
bj.cn
cq.cn
fj.cn
gd.cn
gs.cn
gz.cn
gx.cn
ha.cn
hb.cn
he.cn
hi.cn
hl.cn
hn.cn
jl.cn
js.cn
jx.cn
ln.cn
nm.cn
nx.cn
qh.cn
sc.cn
sd.cn
sh.cn
sn.cn
sx.cn
tj.cn
xj.cn
xz.cn
yn.cn
zj.cn
hk.cn
mo.cn
tw.cn
// co : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.co
// Submitted by registry <tecnico@uniandes.edu.co>
co
arts.co
com.co
edu.co
firm.co
gov.co
info.co
int.co
mil.co
net.co
nom.co
org.co
rec.co
web.co
// com : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.com
com
// coop : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.coop
coop
// cr : http://www.nic.cr/niccr_publico/showRegistroDominiosScreen.do
cr
ac.cr
co.cr
ed.cr
fi.cr
go.cr
or.cr
sa.cr
// cu : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cu
cu
com.cu
edu.cu
org.cu
net.cu
gov.cu
inf.cu
// cv : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cv
cv
// cw : http://www.una.cw/cw_registry/
// Confirmed by registry <registry@una.net> 2013-03-26
cw
com.cw
edu.cw
net.cw
org.cw
// cx : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cx
// list of other 2nd level tlds ?
cx
gov.cx
// cy : http://www.nic.cy/
// Submitted by registry Panayiotou Fotia <cydns@ucy.ac.cy>
cy
ac.cy
biz.cy
com.cy
ekloges.cy
gov.cy
ltd.cy
name.cy
net.cy
org.cy
parliament.cy
press.cy
pro.cy
tm.cy
// cz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cz
cz
// de : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de
// Confirmed by registry <ops@denic.de> (with technical
// reservations) 2008-07-01
de
// dj : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dj
dj
// dk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dk
// Confirmed by registry <robert@dk-hostmaster.dk> 2008-06-17
dk
// dm : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dm
dm
com.dm
net.dm
org.dm
edu.dm
gov.dm
// do : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.do
do
art.do
com.do
edu.do
gob.do
gov.do
mil.do
net.do
org.do
sld.do
web.do
// dz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dz
dz
com.dz
org.dz
net.dz
gov.dz
edu.dz
asso.dz
pol.dz
art.dz
// ec : http://www.nic.ec/reg/paso1.asp
// Submitted by registry <vabboud@nic.ec>
ec
com.ec
info.ec
net.ec
fin.ec
k12.ec
med.ec
pro.ec
org.ec
edu.ec
gov.ec
gob.ec
mil.ec
// edu : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.edu
edu
// ee : http://www.eenet.ee/EENet/dom_reeglid.html#lisa_B
ee
edu.ee
gov.ee
riik.ee
lib.ee
med.ee
com.ee
pri.ee
aip.ee
org.ee
fie.ee
// eg : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eg
eg
com.eg
edu.eg
eun.eg
gov.eg
mil.eg
name.eg
net.eg
org.eg
sci.eg
// er : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.er
*.er
// es : https://www.nic.es/site_ingles/ingles/dominios/index.html
es
com.es
nom.es
org.es
gob.es
edu.es
// et : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.et
et
com.et
gov.et
org.et
edu.et
biz.et
name.et
info.et
net.et
// eu : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu
eu
// fi : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fi
fi
// aland.fi : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ax
// This domain is being phased out in favor of .ax. As there are still many
// domains under aland.fi, we still keep it on the list until aland.fi is
// completely removed.
// TODO: Check for updates (expected to be phased out around Q1/2009)
aland.fi
// fj : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fj
*.fj
// fk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fk
*.fk
// fm : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fm
fm
// fo : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fo
fo
// fr : http://www.afnic.fr/
// domaines descriptifs : http://www.afnic.fr/obtenir/chartes/nommage-fr/annexe-descriptifs
fr
com.fr
asso.fr
nom.fr
prd.fr
presse.fr
tm.fr
// domaines sectoriels : http://www.afnic.fr/obtenir/chartes/nommage-fr/annexe-sectoriels
aeroport.fr
assedic.fr
avocat.fr
avoues.fr
cci.fr
chambagri.fr
chirurgiens-dentistes.fr
experts-comptables.fr
geometre-expert.fr
gouv.fr
greta.fr
huissier-justice.fr
medecin.fr
notaires.fr
pharmacien.fr
port.fr
veterinaire.fr
// ga : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ga
ga
// gb : This registry is effectively dormant
// Submitted by registry <Damien.Shaw@ja.net>
gb
// gd : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gd
gd
// ge : http://www.nic.net.ge/policy_en.pdf
ge
com.ge
edu.ge
gov.ge
org.ge
mil.ge
net.ge
pvt.ge
// gf : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gf
gf
// gg : http://www.channelisles.net/register-domains/
// Confirmed by registry <nigel@channelisles.net> 2013-11-28
gg
co.gg
net.gg
org.gg
// gh : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gh
// see also: http://www.nic.gh/reg_now.php
// Although domains directly at second level are not possible at the moment,
// they have been possible for some time and may come back.
gh
com.gh
edu.gh
gov.gh
org.gh
mil.gh
// gi : http://www.nic.gi/rules.html
gi
com.gi
ltd.gi
gov.gi
mod.gi
edu.gi
org.gi
// gl : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gl
// http://nic.gl
gl
co.gl
com.gl
edu.gl
net.gl
org.gl
// gm : http://www.nic.gm/htmlpages%5Cgm-policy.htm
gm
// gn : http://psg.com/dns/gn/gn.txt
// Submitted by registry <randy@psg.com>
gn
ac.gn
com.gn
edu.gn
gov.gn
org.gn
net.gn
// gov : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gov
gov
// gp : http://www.nic.gp/index.php?lang=en
gp
com.gp
net.gp
mobi.gp
edu.gp
org.gp
asso.gp
// gq : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gq
gq
// gr : https://grweb.ics.forth.gr/english/1617-B-2005.html
// Submitted by registry <segred@ics.forth.gr>
gr
com.gr
edu.gr
net.gr
org.gr
gov.gr
// gs : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gs
gs
// gt : http://www.gt/politicas_de_registro.html
gt
com.gt
edu.gt
gob.gt
ind.gt
mil.gt
net.gt
org.gt
// gu : http://gadao.gov.gu/register.html
// University of Guam : https://www.uog.edu
// Submitted by uognoc@triton.uog.edu
gu
com.gu
edu.gu
gov.gu
guam.gu
info.gu
net.gu
org.gu
web.gu
// gw : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gw
gw
// gy : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gy
// http://registry.gy/
gy
co.gy
com.gy
edu.gy
gov.gy
net.gy
org.gy
// hk : https://www.hkirc.hk
// Submitted by registry <hk.tech@hkirc.hk>
hk
com.hk
edu.hk
gov.hk
idv.hk
net.hk
org.hk
xn--55qx5d.hk
xn--wcvs22d.hk
xn--lcvr32d.hk
xn--mxtq1m.hk
xn--gmqw5a.hk
xn--ciqpn.hk
xn--gmq050i.hk
xn--zf0avx.hk
xn--io0a7i.hk
xn--mk0axi.hk
xn--od0alg.hk
xn--od0aq3b.hk
xn--tn0ag.hk
xn--uc0atv.hk
xn--uc0ay4a.hk
// hm : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hm
hm
// hn : http://www.nic.hn/politicas/ps02,,05.html
hn
com.hn
edu.hn
org.hn
net.hn
mil.hn
gob.hn
// hr : http://www.dns.hr/documents/pdf/HRTLD-regulations.pdf
hr
iz.hr
from.hr
name.hr
com.hr
// ht : http://www.nic.ht/info/charte.cfm
ht
com.ht
shop.ht
firm.ht
info.ht
adult.ht
net.ht
pro.ht
org.ht
med.ht
art.ht
coop.ht
pol.ht
asso.ht
edu.ht
rel.ht
gouv.ht
perso.ht
// hu : http://www.domain.hu/domain/English/sld.html
// Confirmed by registry <pasztor@iszt.hu> 2008-06-12
hu
co.hu
info.hu
org.hu
priv.hu
sport.hu
tm.hu
2000.hu
agrar.hu
bolt.hu
casino.hu
city.hu
erotica.hu
erotika.hu
film.hu
forum.hu
games.hu
hotel.hu
ingatlan.hu
jogasz.hu
konyvelo.hu
lakas.hu
media.hu
news.hu
reklam.hu
sex.hu
shop.hu
suli.hu
szex.hu
tozsde.hu
utazas.hu
video.hu
// id : https://pandi.id/en/domain/registration-requirements/
id
ac.id
biz.id
co.id
desa.id
go.id
mil.id
my.id
net.id
or.id
ponpes.id
sch.id
web.id
// ie : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ie
ie
gov.ie
// il : http://www.isoc.org.il/domains/
il
ac.il
co.il
gov.il
idf.il
k12.il
muni.il
net.il
org.il
// im : https://www.nic.im/
// Submitted by registry <info@nic.im>
im
ac.im
co.im
com.im
ltd.co.im
net.im
org.im
plc.co.im
tt.im
tv.im
// in : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.in
// see also: https://registry.in/Policies
// Please note, that nic.in is not an official eTLD, but used by most
// government institutions.
in
co.in
firm.in
net.in
org.in
gen.in
ind.in
nic.in
ac.in
edu.in
res.in
gov.in
mil.in
// info : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.info
info
// int : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.int
// Confirmed by registry <iana-questions@icann.org> 2008-06-18
int
eu.int
// io : http://www.nic.io/rules.html
// list of other 2nd level tlds ?
io
com.io
// iq : http://www.cmc.iq/english/iq/iqregister1.htm
iq
gov.iq
edu.iq
mil.iq
com.iq
org.iq
net.iq
// ir : http://www.nic.ir/Terms_and_Conditions_ir,_Appendix_1_Domain_Rules
// Also see http://www.nic.ir/Internationalized_Domain_Names
// Two <iran>.ir entries added at request of <tech-team@nic.ir>, 2010-04-16
ir
ac.ir
co.ir
gov.ir
id.ir
net.ir
org.ir
sch.ir
// xn--mgba3a4f16a.ir (<iran>.ir, Persian YEH)
xn--mgba3a4f16a.ir
// xn--mgba3a4fra.ir (<iran>.ir, Arabic YEH)
xn--mgba3a4fra.ir
// is : http://www.isnic.is/domain/rules.php
// Confirmed by registry <marius@isgate.is> 2008-12-06
is
net.is
com.is
edu.is
gov.is
org.is
int.is
// it : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.it
it
gov.it
edu.it
// Reserved geo-names (regions and provinces):
// http://www.nic.it/sites/default/files/docs/Regulation_assignation_v7.1.pdf
// Regions
abr.it
abruzzo.it
aosta-valley.it
aostavalley.it
bas.it
basilicata.it
cal.it
calabria.it
cam.it
campania.it
emilia-romagna.it
emiliaromagna.it
emr.it
friuli-v-giulia.it
friuli-ve-giulia.it
friuli-vegiulia.it
friuli-venezia-giulia.it
friuli-veneziagiulia.it
friuli-vgiulia.it
friuliv-giulia.it
friulive-giulia.it
friulivegiulia.it
friulivenezia-giulia.it
friuliveneziagiulia.it
friulivgiulia.it
fvg.it
laz.it
lazio.it
lig.it
liguria.it
lom.it
lombardia.it
lombardy.it
lucania.it
mar.it
marche.it
mol.it
molise.it
piedmont.it
piemonte.it
pmn.it
pug.it
puglia.it
sar.it
sardegna.it
sardinia.it
sic.it
sicilia.it
sicily.it
taa.it
tos.it
toscana.it
trentin-sud-tirol.it
xn--trentin-sd-tirol-rzb.it
trentin-sudtirol.it
xn--trentin-sdtirol-7vb.it
trentin-sued-tirol.it
trentin-suedtirol.it
trentino-a-adige.it
trentino-aadige.it
trentino-alto-adige.it
trentino-altoadige.it
trentino-s-tirol.it
trentino-stirol.it
trentino-sud-tirol.it
xn--trentino-sd-tirol-c3b.it
trentino-sudtirol.it
xn--trentino-sdtirol-szb.it
trentino-sued-tirol.it
trentino-suedtirol.it
trentino.it
trentinoa-adige.it
trentinoaadige.it
trentinoalto-adige.it
trentinoaltoadige.it
trentinos-tirol.it
trentinostirol.it
trentinosud-tirol.it
xn--trentinosd-tirol-rzb.it
trentinosudtirol.it
xn--trentinosdtirol-7vb.it
trentinosued-tirol.it
trentinosuedtirol.it
trentinsud-tirol.it
xn--trentinsd-tirol-6vb.it
trentinsudtirol.it
xn--trentinsdtirol-nsb.it
trentinsued-tirol.it
trentinsuedtirol.it
tuscany.it
umb.it
umbria.it
val-d-aosta.it
val-daosta.it
vald-aosta.it
valdaosta.it
valle-aosta.it
valle-d-aosta.it
valle-daosta.it
valleaosta.it
valled-aosta.it
valledaosta.it
vallee-aoste.it
xn--valle-aoste-ebb.it
vallee-d-aoste.it
xn--valle-d-aoste-ehb.it
valleeaoste.it
xn--valleaoste-e7a.it
valleedaoste.it
xn--valledaoste-ebb.it
vao.it
vda.it
ven.it
veneto.it
// Provinces
ag.it
agrigento.it
al.it
alessandria.it
alto-adige.it
altoadige.it
an.it
ancona.it
andria-barletta-trani.it
andria-trani-barletta.it
andriabarlettatrani.it
andriatranibarletta.it
ao.it
aosta.it
aoste.it
ap.it
aq.it
aquila.it
ar.it
arezzo.it
ascoli-piceno.it
ascolipiceno.it
asti.it
at.it
av.it
avellino.it
ba.it
balsan-sudtirol.it
xn--balsan-sdtirol-nsb.it
balsan-suedtirol.it
balsan.it
bari.it
barletta-trani-andria.it
barlettatraniandria.it
belluno.it
benevento.it
bergamo.it
bg.it
bi.it
biella.it
bl.it
bn.it
bo.it
bologna.it
bolzano-altoadige.it
bolzano.it
bozen-sudtirol.it
xn--bozen-sdtirol-2ob.it
bozen-suedtirol.it
bozen.it
br.it
brescia.it
brindisi.it
bs.it
bt.it
bulsan-sudtirol.it
xn--bulsan-sdtirol-nsb.it
bulsan-suedtirol.it
bulsan.it
bz.it
ca.it
cagliari.it
caltanissetta.it
campidano-medio.it
campidanomedio.it
campobasso.it
carbonia-iglesias.it
carboniaiglesias.it
carrara-massa.it
carraramassa.it
caserta.it
catania.it
catanzaro.it
cb.it
ce.it
cesena-forli.it
xn--cesena-forl-mcb.it
cesenaforli.it
xn--cesenaforl-i8a.it
ch.it
chieti.it
ci.it
cl.it
cn.it
co.it
como.it
cosenza.it
cr.it
cremona.it
crotone.it
cs.it
ct.it
cuneo.it
cz.it
dell-ogliastra.it
dellogliastra.it
en.it
enna.it
fc.it
fe.it
fermo.it
ferrara.it
fg.it
fi.it
firenze.it
florence.it
fm.it
foggia.it
forli-cesena.it
xn--forl-cesena-fcb.it
forlicesena.it
xn--forlcesena-c8a.it
fr.it
frosinone.it
ge.it
genoa.it
genova.it
go.it
gorizia.it
gr.it
grosseto.it
iglesias-carbonia.it
iglesiascarbonia.it
im.it
imperia.it
is.it
isernia.it
kr.it
la-spezia.it
laquila.it
laspezia.it
latina.it
lc.it
le.it
lecce.it
lecco.it
li.it
livorno.it
lo.it
lodi.it
lt.it
lu.it
lucca.it
macerata.it
mantova.it
massa-carrara.it
massacarrara.it
matera.it
mb.it
mc.it
me.it
medio-campidano.it
mediocampidano.it
messina.it
mi.it
milan.it
milano.it
mn.it
mo.it
modena.it
monza-brianza.it
monza-e-della-brianza.it
monza.it
monzabrianza.it
monzaebrianza.it
monzaedellabrianza.it
ms.it
mt.it
na.it
naples.it
napoli.it
no.it
novara.it
nu.it
nuoro.it
og.it
ogliastra.it
olbia-tempio.it
olbiatempio.it
or.it
oristano.it
ot.it
pa.it
padova.it
padua.it
palermo.it
parma.it
pavia.it
pc.it
pd.it
pe.it
perugia.it
pesaro-urbino.it
pesarourbino.it
pescara.it
pg.it
pi.it
piacenza.it
pisa.it
pistoia.it
pn.it
po.it
pordenone.it
potenza.it
pr.it
prato.it
pt.it
pu.it
pv.it
pz.it
ra.it
ragusa.it
ravenna.it
rc.it
re.it
reggio-calabria.it
reggio-emilia.it
reggiocalabria.it
reggioemilia.it
rg.it
ri.it
rieti.it
rimini.it
rm.it
rn.it
ro.it
roma.it
rome.it
rovigo.it
sa.it
salerno.it
sassari.it
savona.it
si.it
siena.it
siracusa.it
so.it
sondrio.it
sp.it
sr.it
ss.it
suedtirol.it
xn--sdtirol-n2a.it
sv.it
ta.it
taranto.it
te.it
tempio-olbia.it
tempioolbia.it
teramo.it
terni.it
tn.it
to.it
torino.it
tp.it
tr.it
trani-andria-barletta.it
trani-barletta-andria.it
traniandriabarletta.it
tranibarlettaandria.it
trapani.it
trento.it
treviso.it
trieste.it
ts.it
turin.it
tv.it
ud.it
udine.it
urbino-pesaro.it
urbinopesaro.it
va.it
varese.it
vb.it
vc.it
ve.it
venezia.it
venice.it
verbania.it
vercelli.it
verona.it
vi.it
vibo-valentia.it
vibovalentia.it
vicenza.it
viterbo.it
vr.it
vs.it
vt.it
vv.it
// je : http://www.channelisles.net/register-domains/
// Confirmed by registry <nigel@channelisles.net> 2013-11-28
je
co.je
net.je
org.je
// jm : http://www.com.jm/register.html
*.jm
// jo : http://www.dns.jo/Registration_policy.aspx
jo
com.jo
org.jo
net.jo
edu.jo
sch.jo
gov.jo
mil.jo
name.jo
// jobs : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jobs
jobs
// jp : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jp
// http://jprs.co.jp/en/jpdomain.html
// Submitted by registry <info@jprs.jp>
jp
// jp organizational type names
ac.jp
ad.jp
co.jp
ed.jp
go.jp
gr.jp
lg.jp
ne.jp
or.jp
// jp prefecture type names
aichi.jp
akita.jp
aomori.jp
chiba.jp
ehime.jp
fukui.jp
fukuoka.jp
fukushima.jp
gifu.jp
gunma.jp
hiroshima.jp
hokkaido.jp
hyogo.jp
ibaraki.jp
ishikawa.jp
iwate.jp
kagawa.jp
kagoshima.jp
kanagawa.jp
kochi.jp
kumamoto.jp
kyoto.jp
mie.jp
miyagi.jp
miyazaki.jp
nagano.jp
nagasaki.jp
nara.jp
niigata.jp
oita.jp
okayama.jp
okinawa.jp
osaka.jp
saga.jp
saitama.jp
shiga.jp
shimane.jp
shizuoka.jp
tochigi.jp
tokushima.jp
tokyo.jp
tottori.jp
toyama.jp
wakayama.jp
yamagata.jp
yamaguchi.jp
yamanashi.jp
xn--4pvxs.jp
xn--vgu402c.jp
xn--c3s14m.jp
xn--f6qx53a.jp
xn--8pvr4u.jp
xn--uist22h.jp
xn--djrs72d6uy.jp
xn--mkru45i.jp
xn--0trq7p7nn.jp
xn--8ltr62k.jp
xn--2m4a15e.jp
xn--efvn9s.jp
xn--32vp30h.jp
xn--4it797k.jp
xn--1lqs71d.jp
xn--5rtp49c.jp
xn--5js045d.jp
xn--ehqz56n.jp
xn--1lqs03n.jp
xn--qqqt11m.jp
xn--kbrq7o.jp
xn--pssu33l.jp
xn--ntsq17g.jp
xn--uisz3g.jp
xn--6btw5a.jp
xn--1ctwo.jp
xn--6orx2r.jp
xn--rht61e.jp
xn--rht27z.jp
xn--djty4k.jp
xn--nit225k.jp
xn--rht3d.jp
xn--klty5x.jp
xn--kltx9a.jp
xn--kltp7d.jp
xn--uuwu58a.jp
xn--zbx025d.jp
xn--ntso0iqx3a.jp
xn--elqq16h.jp
xn--4it168d.jp
xn--klt787d.jp
xn--rny31h.jp
xn--7t0a264c.jp
xn--5rtq34k.jp
xn--k7yn95e.jp
xn--tor131o.jp
xn--d5qv7z876c.jp
// jp geographic type names
// http://jprs.jp/doc/rule/saisoku-1.html
*.kawasaki.jp
*.kitakyushu.jp
*.kobe.jp
*.nagoya.jp
*.sapporo.jp
*.sendai.jp
*.yokohama.jp
!city.kawasaki.jp
!city.kitakyushu.jp
!city.kobe.jp
!city.nagoya.jp
!city.sapporo.jp
!city.sendai.jp
!city.yokohama.jp
// 4th level registration
aisai.aichi.jp
ama.aichi.jp
anjo.aichi.jp
asuke.aichi.jp
chiryu.aichi.jp
chita.aichi.jp
fuso.aichi.jp
gamagori.aichi.jp
handa.aichi.jp
hazu.aichi.jp
hekinan.aichi.jp
higashiura.aichi.jp
ichinomiya.aichi.jp
inazawa.aichi.jp
inuyama.aichi.jp
isshiki.aichi.jp
iwakura.aichi.jp
kanie.aichi.jp
kariya.aichi.jp
kasugai.aichi.jp
kira.aichi.jp
kiyosu.aichi.jp
komaki.aichi.jp
konan.aichi.jp
kota.aichi.jp
mihama.aichi.jp
miyoshi.aichi.jp
nishio.aichi.jp
nisshin.aichi.jp
obu.aichi.jp
oguchi.aichi.jp
oharu.aichi.jp
okazaki.aichi.jp
owariasahi.aichi.jp
seto.aichi.jp
shikatsu.aichi.jp
shinshiro.aichi.jp
shitara.aichi.jp
tahara.aichi.jp
takahama.aichi.jp
tobishima.aichi.jp
toei.aichi.jp
togo.aichi.jp
tokai.aichi.jp
tokoname.aichi.jp
toyoake.aichi.jp
toyohashi.aichi.jp
toyokawa.aichi.jp
toyone.aichi.jp
toyota.aichi.jp
tsushima.aichi.jp
yatomi.aichi.jp
akita.akita.jp
daisen.akita.jp
fujisato.akita.jp
gojome.akita.jp
hachirogata.akita.jp
happou.akita.jp
higashinaruse.akita.jp
honjo.akita.jp
honjyo.akita.jp
ikawa.akita.jp
kamikoani.akita.jp
kamioka.akita.jp
katagami.akita.jp
kazuno.akita.jp
kitaakita.akita.jp
kosaka.akita.jp
kyowa.akita.jp
misato.akita.jp
mitane.akita.jp
moriyoshi.akita.jp
nikaho.akita.jp
noshiro.akita.jp
odate.akita.jp
oga.akita.jp
ogata.akita.jp
semboku.akita.jp
yokote.akita.jp
yurihonjo.akita.jp
aomori.aomori.jp
gonohe.aomori.jp
hachinohe.aomori.jp
hashikami.aomori.jp
hiranai.aomori.jp
hirosaki.aomori.jp
itayanagi.aomori.jp
kuroishi.aomori.jp
misawa.aomori.jp
mutsu.aomori.jp
nakadomari.aomori.jp
noheji.aomori.jp
oirase.aomori.jp
owani.aomori.jp
rokunohe.aomori.jp
sannohe.aomori.jp
shichinohe.aomori.jp
shingo.aomori.jp
takko.aomori.jp
towada.aomori.jp
tsugaru.aomori.jp
tsuruta.aomori.jp
abiko.chiba.jp
asahi.chiba.jp
chonan.chiba.jp
chosei.chiba.jp
choshi.chiba.jp
chuo.chiba.jp
funabashi.chiba.jp
futtsu.chiba.jp
hanamigawa.chiba.jp
ichihara.chiba.jp
ichikawa.chiba.jp
ichinomiya.chiba.jp
inzai.chiba.jp
isumi.chiba.jp
kamagaya.chiba.jp
kamogawa.chiba.jp
kashiwa.chiba.jp
katori.chiba.jp
katsuura.chiba.jp
kimitsu.chiba.jp
kisarazu.chiba.jp
kozaki.chiba.jp
kujukuri.chiba.jp
kyonan.chiba.jp
matsudo.chiba.jp
midori.chiba.jp
mihama.chiba.jp
minamiboso.chiba.jp
mobara.chiba.jp
mutsuzawa.chiba.jp
nagara.chiba.jp
nagareyama.chiba.jp
narashino.chiba.jp
narita.chiba.jp
noda.chiba.jp
oamishirasato.chiba.jp
omigawa.chiba.jp
onjuku.chiba.jp
otaki.chiba.jp
sakae.chiba.jp
sakura.chiba.jp
shimofusa.chiba.jp
shirako.chiba.jp
shiroi.chiba.jp
shisui.chiba.jp
sodegaura.chiba.jp
sosa.chiba.jp
tako.chiba.jp
tateyama.chiba.jp
togane.chiba.jp
tohnosho.chiba.jp
tomisato.chiba.jp
urayasu.chiba.jp
yachimata.chiba.jp
yachiyo.chiba.jp
yokaichiba.chiba.jp
yokoshibahikari.chiba.jp
yotsukaido.chiba.jp
ainan.ehime.jp
honai.ehime.jp
ikata.ehime.jp
imabari.ehime.jp
iyo.ehime.jp
kamijima.ehime.jp
kihoku.ehime.jp
kumakogen.ehime.jp
masaki.ehime.jp
matsuno.ehime.jp
matsuyama.ehime.jp
namikata.ehime.jp
niihama.ehime.jp
ozu.ehime.jp
saijo.ehime.jp
seiyo.ehime.jp
shikokuchuo.ehime.jp
tobe.ehime.jp
toon.ehime.jp
uchiko.ehime.jp
uwajima.ehime.jp
yawatahama.ehime.jp
echizen.fukui.jp
eiheiji.fukui.jp
fukui.fukui.jp
ikeda.fukui.jp
katsuyama.fukui.jp
mihama.fukui.jp
minamiechizen.fukui.jp
obama.fukui.jp
ohi.fukui.jp
ono.fukui.jp
sabae.fukui.jp
sakai.fukui.jp
takahama.fukui.jp
tsuruga.fukui.jp
wakasa.fukui.jp
ashiya.fukuoka.jp
buzen.fukuoka.jp
chikugo.fukuoka.jp
chikuho.fukuoka.jp
chikujo.fukuoka.jp
chikushino.fukuoka.jp
chikuzen.fukuoka.jp
chuo.fukuoka.jp
dazaifu.fukuoka.jp
fukuchi.fukuoka.jp
hakata.fukuoka.jp
higashi.fukuoka.jp
hirokawa.fukuoka.jp
hisayama.fukuoka.jp
iizuka.fukuoka.jp
inatsuki.fukuoka.jp
kaho.fukuoka.jp
kasuga.fukuoka.jp
kasuya.fukuoka.jp
kawara.fukuoka.jp
keisen.fukuoka.jp
koga.fukuoka.jp
kurate.fukuoka.jp
kurogi.fukuoka.jp
kurume.fukuoka.jp
minami.fukuoka.jp
miyako.fukuoka.jp
miyama.fukuoka.jp
miyawaka.fukuoka.jp
mizumaki.fukuoka.jp
munakata.fukuoka.jp
nakagawa.fukuoka.jp
nakama.fukuoka.jp
nishi.fukuoka.jp
nogata.fukuoka.jp
ogori.fukuoka.jp
okagaki.fukuoka.jp
okawa.fukuoka.jp
oki.fukuoka.jp
omuta.fukuoka.jp
onga.fukuoka.jp
onojo.fukuoka.jp
oto.fukuoka.jp
saigawa.fukuoka.jp
sasaguri.fukuoka.jp
shingu.fukuoka.jp
shinyoshitomi.fukuoka.jp
shonai.fukuoka.jp
soeda.fukuoka.jp
sue.fukuoka.jp
tachiarai.fukuoka.jp
tagawa.fukuoka.jp
takata.fukuoka.jp
toho.fukuoka.jp
toyotsu.fukuoka.jp
tsuiki.fukuoka.jp
ukiha.fukuoka.jp
umi.fukuoka.jp
usui.fukuoka.jp
yamada.fukuoka.jp
yame.fukuoka.jp
yanagawa.fukuoka.jp
yukuhashi.fukuoka.jp
aizubange.fukushima.jp
aizumisato.fukushima.jp
aizuwakamatsu.fukushima.jp
asakawa.fukushima.jp
bandai.fukushima.jp
date.fukushima.jp
fukushima.fukushima.jp
furudono.fukushima.jp
futaba.fukushima.jp
hanawa.fukushima.jp
higashi.fukushima.jp
hirata.fukushima.jp
hirono.fukushima.jp
iitate.fukushima.jp
inawashiro.fukushima.jp
ishikawa.fukushima.jp
iwaki.fukushima.jp
izumizaki.fukushima.jp
kagamiishi.fukushima.jp
kaneyama.fukushima.jp
kawamata.fukushima.jp
kitakata.fukushima.jp
kitashiobara.fukushima.jp
koori.fukushima.jp
koriyama.fukushima.jp
kunimi.fukushima.jp
miharu.fukushima.jp
mishima.fukushima.jp
namie.fukushima.jp
nango.fukushima.jp
nishiaizu.fukushima.jp
nishigo.fukushima.jp
okuma.fukushima.jp
omotego.fukushima.jp
ono.fukushima.jp
otama.fukushima.jp
samegawa.fukushima.jp
shimogo.fukushima.jp
shirakawa.fukushima.jp
showa.fukushima.jp
soma.fukushima.jp
sukagawa.fukushima.jp
taishin.fukushima.jp
tamakawa.fukushima.jp
tanagura.fukushima.jp
tenei.fukushima.jp
yabuki.fukushima.jp
yamato.fukushima.jp
yamatsuri.fukushima.jp
yanaizu.fukushima.jp
yugawa.fukushima.jp
anpachi.gifu.jp
ena.gifu.jp
gifu.gifu.jp
ginan.gifu.jp
godo.gifu.jp
gujo.gifu.jp
hashima.gifu.jp
hichiso.gifu.jp
hida.gifu.jp
higashishirakawa.gifu.jp
ibigawa.gifu.jp
ikeda.gifu.jp
kakamigahara.gifu.jp
kani.gifu.jp
kasahara.gifu.jp
kasamatsu.gifu.jp
kawaue.gifu.jp
kitagata.gifu.jp
mino.gifu.jp
minokamo.gifu.jp
mitake.gifu.jp
mizunami.gifu.jp
motosu.gifu.jp
nakatsugawa.gifu.jp
ogaki.gifu.jp
sakahogi.gifu.jp
seki.gifu.jp
sekigahara.gifu.jp
shirakawa.gifu.jp
tajimi.gifu.jp
takayama.gifu.jp
tarui.gifu.jp
toki.gifu.jp
tomika.gifu.jp
wanouchi.gifu.jp
yamagata.gifu.jp
yaotsu.gifu.jp
yoro.gifu.jp
annaka.gunma.jp
chiyoda.gunma.jp
fujioka.gunma.jp
higashiagatsuma.gunma.jp
isesaki.gunma.jp
itakura.gunma.jp
kanna.gunma.jp
kanra.gunma.jp
katashina.gunma.jp
kawaba.gunma.jp
kiryu.gunma.jp
kusatsu.gunma.jp
maebashi.gunma.jp
meiwa.gunma.jp
midori.gunma.jp
minakami.gunma.jp
naganohara.gunma.jp
nakanojo.gunma.jp
nanmoku.gunma.jp
numata.gunma.jp
oizumi.gunma.jp
ora.gunma.jp
ota.gunma.jp
shibukawa.gunma.jp
shimonita.gunma.jp
shinto.gunma.jp
showa.gunma.jp
takasaki.gunma.jp
takayama.gunma.jp
tamamura.gunma.jp
tatebayashi.gunma.jp
tomioka.gunma.jp
tsukiyono.gunma.jp
tsumagoi.gunma.jp
ueno.gunma.jp
yoshioka.gunma.jp
asaminami.hiroshima.jp
daiwa.hiroshima.jp
etajima.hiroshima.jp
fuchu.hiroshima.jp
fukuyama.hiroshima.jp
hatsukaichi.hiroshima.jp
higashihiroshima.hiroshima.jp
hongo.hiroshima.jp
jinsekikogen.hiroshima.jp
kaita.hiroshima.jp
kui.hiroshima.jp
kumano.hiroshima.jp
kure.hiroshima.jp
mihara.hiroshima.jp
miyoshi.hiroshima.jp
naka.hiroshima.jp
onomichi.hiroshima.jp
osakikamijima.hiroshima.jp
otake.hiroshima.jp
saka.hiroshima.jp
sera.hiroshima.jp
seranishi.hiroshima.jp
shinichi.hiroshima.jp
shobara.hiroshima.jp
takehara.hiroshima.jp
abashiri.hokkaido.jp
abira.hokkaido.jp
aibetsu.hokkaido.jp
akabira.hokkaido.jp
akkeshi.hokkaido.jp
asahikawa.hokkaido.jp
ashibetsu.hokkaido.jp
ashoro.hokkaido.jp
assabu.hokkaido.jp
atsuma.hokkaido.jp
bibai.hokkaido.jp
biei.hokkaido.jp
bifuka.hokkaido.jp
bihoro.hokkaido.jp
biratori.hokkaido.jp
chippubetsu.hokkaido.jp
chitose.hokkaido.jp
date.hokkaido.jp
ebetsu.hokkaido.jp
embetsu.hokkaido.jp
eniwa.hokkaido.jp
erimo.hokkaido.jp
esan.hokkaido.jp
esashi.hokkaido.jp
fukagawa.hokkaido.jp
fukushima.hokkaido.jp
furano.hokkaido.jp
furubira.hokkaido.jp
haboro.hokkaido.jp
hakodate.hokkaido.jp
hamatonbetsu.hokkaido.jp
hidaka.hokkaido.jp
higashikagura.hokkaido.jp
higashikawa.hokkaido.jp
hiroo.hokkaido.jp
hokuryu.hokkaido.jp
hokuto.hokkaido.jp
honbetsu.hokkaido.jp
horokanai.hokkaido.jp
horonobe.hokkaido.jp
ikeda.hokkaido.jp
imakane.hokkaido.jp
ishikari.hokkaido.jp
iwamizawa.hokkaido.jp
iwanai.hokkaido.jp
kamifurano.hokkaido.jp
kamikawa.hokkaido.jp
kamishihoro.hokkaido.jp
kamisunagawa.hokkaido.jp
kamoenai.hokkaido.jp
kayabe.hokkaido.jp
kembuchi.hokkaido.jp
kikonai.hokkaido.jp
kimobetsu.hokkaido.jp
kitahiroshima.hokkaido.jp
kitami.hokkaido.jp
kiyosato.hokkaido.jp
koshimizu.hokkaido.jp
kunneppu.hokkaido.jp
kuriyama.hokkaido.jp
kuromatsunai.hokkaido.jp
kushiro.hokkaido.jp
kutchan.hokkaido.jp
kyowa.hokkaido.jp
mashike.hokkaido.jp
matsumae.hokkaido.jp
mikasa.hokkaido.jp
minamifurano.hokkaido.jp
mombetsu.hokkaido.jp
moseushi.hokkaido.jp
mukawa.hokkaido.jp
muroran.hokkaido.jp
naie.hokkaido.jp
nakagawa.hokkaido.jp
nakasatsunai.hokkaido.jp
nakatombetsu.hokkaido.jp
nanae.hokkaido.jp
nanporo.hokkaido.jp
nayoro.hokkaido.jp
nemuro.hokkaido.jp
niikappu.hokkaido.jp
niki.hokkaido.jp
nishiokoppe.hokkaido.jp
noboribetsu.hokkaido.jp
numata.hokkaido.jp
obihiro.hokkaido.jp
obira.hokkaido.jp
oketo.hokkaido.jp
okoppe.hokkaido.jp
otaru.hokkaido.jp
otobe.hokkaido.jp
otofuke.hokkaido.jp
otoineppu.hokkaido.jp
oumu.hokkaido.jp
ozora.hokkaido.jp
pippu.hokkaido.jp
rankoshi.hokkaido.jp
rebun.hokkaido.jp
rikubetsu.hokkaido.jp
rishiri.hokkaido.jp
rishirifuji.hokkaido.jp
saroma.hokkaido.jp
sarufutsu.hokkaido.jp
shakotan.hokkaido.jp
shari.hokkaido.jp
shibecha.hokkaido.jp
shibetsu.hokkaido.jp
shikabe.hokkaido.jp
shikaoi.hokkaido.jp
shimamaki.hokkaido.jp
shimizu.hokkaido.jp
shimokawa.hokkaido.jp
shinshinotsu.hokkaido.jp
shintoku.hokkaido.jp
shiranuka.hokkaido.jp
shiraoi.hokkaido.jp
shiriuchi.hokkaido.jp
sobetsu.hokkaido.jp
sunagawa.hokkaido.jp
taiki.hokkaido.jp
takasu.hokkaido.jp
takikawa.hokkaido.jp
takinoue.hokkaido.jp
teshikaga.hokkaido.jp
tobetsu.hokkaido.jp
tohma.hokkaido.jp
tomakomai.hokkaido.jp
tomari.hokkaido.jp
toya.hokkaido.jp
toyako.hokkaido.jp
toyotomi.hokkaido.jp
toyoura.hokkaido.jp
tsubetsu.hokkaido.jp
tsukigata.hokkaido.jp
urakawa.hokkaido.jp
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sayama.saitama.jp
shiki.saitama.jp
shiraoka.saitama.jp
soka.saitama.jp
sugito.saitama.jp
toda.saitama.jp
tokigawa.saitama.jp
tokorozawa.saitama.jp
tsurugashima.saitama.jp
urawa.saitama.jp
warabi.saitama.jp
yashio.saitama.jp
yokoze.saitama.jp
yono.saitama.jp
yorii.saitama.jp
yoshida.saitama.jp
yoshikawa.saitama.jp
yoshimi.saitama.jp
aisho.shiga.jp
gamo.shiga.jp
higashiomi.shiga.jp
hikone.shiga.jp
koka.shiga.jp
konan.shiga.jp
kosei.shiga.jp
koto.shiga.jp
kusatsu.shiga.jp
maibara.shiga.jp
moriyama.shiga.jp
nagahama.shiga.jp
nishiazai.shiga.jp
notogawa.shiga.jp
omihachiman.shiga.jp
otsu.shiga.jp
ritto.shiga.jp
ryuoh.shiga.jp
takashima.shiga.jp
takatsuki.shiga.jp
torahime.shiga.jp
toyosato.shiga.jp
yasu.shiga.jp
akagi.shimane.jp
ama.shimane.jp
gotsu.shimane.jp
hamada.shimane.jp
higashiizumo.shimane.jp
hikawa.shimane.jp
hikimi.shimane.jp
izumo.shimane.jp
kakinoki.shimane.jp
masuda.shimane.jp
matsue.shimane.jp
misato.shimane.jp
nishinoshima.shimane.jp
ohda.shimane.jp
okinoshima.shimane.jp
okuizumo.shimane.jp
shimane.shimane.jp
tamayu.shimane.jp
tsuwano.shimane.jp
unnan.shimane.jp
yakumo.shimane.jp
yasugi.shimane.jp
yatsuka.shimane.jp
arai.shizuoka.jp
atami.shizuoka.jp
fuji.shizuoka.jp
fujieda.shizuoka.jp
fujikawa.shizuoka.jp
fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp
fukuroi.shizuoka.jp
gotemba.shizuoka.jp
haibara.shizuoka.jp
hamamatsu.shizuoka.jp
higashiizu.shizuoka.jp
ito.shizuoka.jp
iwata.shizuoka.jp
izu.shizuoka.jp
izunokuni.shizuoka.jp
kakegawa.shizuoka.jp
kannami.shizuoka.jp
kawanehon.shizuoka.jp
kawazu.shizuoka.jp
kikugawa.shizuoka.jp
kosai.shizuoka.jp
makinohara.shizuoka.jp
matsuzaki.shizuoka.jp
minamiizu.shizuoka.jp
mishima.shizuoka.jp
morimachi.shizuoka.jp
nishiizu.shizuoka.jp
numazu.shizuoka.jp
omaezaki.shizuoka.jp
shimada.shizuoka.jp
shimizu.shizuoka.jp
shimoda.shizuoka.jp
shizuoka.shizuoka.jp
susono.shizuoka.jp
yaizu.shizuoka.jp
yoshida.shizuoka.jp
ashikaga.tochigi.jp
bato.tochigi.jp
haga.tochigi.jp
ichikai.tochigi.jp
iwafune.tochigi.jp
kaminokawa.tochigi.jp
kanuma.tochigi.jp
karasuyama.tochigi.jp
kuroiso.tochigi.jp
mashiko.tochigi.jp
mibu.tochigi.jp
moka.tochigi.jp
motegi.tochigi.jp
nasu.tochigi.jp
nasushiobara.tochigi.jp
nikko.tochigi.jp
nishikata.tochigi.jp
nogi.tochigi.jp
ohira.tochigi.jp
ohtawara.tochigi.jp
oyama.tochigi.jp
sakura.tochigi.jp
sano.tochigi.jp
shimotsuke.tochigi.jp
shioya.tochigi.jp
takanezawa.tochigi.jp
tochigi.tochigi.jp
tsuga.tochigi.jp
ujiie.tochigi.jp
utsunomiya.tochigi.jp
yaita.tochigi.jp
aizumi.tokushima.jp
anan.tokushima.jp
ichiba.tokushima.jp
itano.tokushima.jp
kainan.tokushima.jp
komatsushima.tokushima.jp
matsushige.tokushima.jp
mima.tokushima.jp
minami.tokushima.jp
miyoshi.tokushima.jp
mugi.tokushima.jp
nakagawa.tokushima.jp
naruto.tokushima.jp
sanagochi.tokushima.jp
shishikui.tokushima.jp
tokushima.tokushima.jp
wajiki.tokushima.jp
adachi.tokyo.jp
akiruno.tokyo.jp
akishima.tokyo.jp
aogashima.tokyo.jp
arakawa.tokyo.jp
bunkyo.tokyo.jp
chiyoda.tokyo.jp
chofu.tokyo.jp
chuo.tokyo.jp
edogawa.tokyo.jp
fuchu.tokyo.jp
fussa.tokyo.jp
hachijo.tokyo.jp
hachioji.tokyo.jp
hamura.tokyo.jp
higashikurume.tokyo.jp
higashimurayama.tokyo.jp
higashiyamato.tokyo.jp
hino.tokyo.jp
hinode.tokyo.jp
hinohara.tokyo.jp
inagi.tokyo.jp
itabashi.tokyo.jp
katsushika.tokyo.jp
kita.tokyo.jp
kiyose.tokyo.jp
kodaira.tokyo.jp
koganei.tokyo.jp
kokubunji.tokyo.jp
komae.tokyo.jp
koto.tokyo.jp
kouzushima.tokyo.jp
kunitachi.tokyo.jp
machida.tokyo.jp
meguro.tokyo.jp
minato.tokyo.jp
mitaka.tokyo.jp
mizuho.tokyo.jp
musashimurayama.tokyo.jp
musashino.tokyo.jp
nakano.tokyo.jp
nerima.tokyo.jp
ogasawara.tokyo.jp
okutama.tokyo.jp
ome.tokyo.jp
oshima.tokyo.jp
ota.tokyo.jp
setagaya.tokyo.jp
shibuya.tokyo.jp
shinagawa.tokyo.jp
shinjuku.tokyo.jp
suginami.tokyo.jp
sumida.tokyo.jp
tachikawa.tokyo.jp
taito.tokyo.jp
tama.tokyo.jp
toshima.tokyo.jp
chizu.tottori.jp
hino.tottori.jp
kawahara.tottori.jp
koge.tottori.jp
kotoura.tottori.jp
misasa.tottori.jp
nanbu.tottori.jp
nichinan.tottori.jp
sakaiminato.tottori.jp
tottori.tottori.jp
wakasa.tottori.jp
yazu.tottori.jp
yonago.tottori.jp
asahi.toyama.jp
fuchu.toyama.jp
fukumitsu.toyama.jp
funahashi.toyama.jp
himi.toyama.jp
imizu.toyama.jp
inami.toyama.jp
johana.toyama.jp
kamiichi.toyama.jp
kurobe.toyama.jp
nakaniikawa.toyama.jp
namerikawa.toyama.jp
nanto.toyama.jp
nyuzen.toyama.jp
oyabe.toyama.jp
taira.toyama.jp
takaoka.toyama.jp
tateyama.toyama.jp
toga.toyama.jp
tonami.toyama.jp
toyama.toyama.jp
unazuki.toyama.jp
uozu.toyama.jp
yamada.toyama.jp
arida.wakayama.jp
aridagawa.wakayama.jp
gobo.wakayama.jp
hashimoto.wakayama.jp
hidaka.wakayama.jp
hirogawa.wakayama.jp
inami.wakayama.jp
iwade.wakayama.jp
kainan.wakayama.jp
kamitonda.wakayama.jp
katsuragi.wakayama.jp
kimino.wakayama.jp
kinokawa.wakayama.jp
kitayama.wakayama.jp
koya.wakayama.jp
koza.wakayama.jp
kozagawa.wakayama.jp
kudoyama.wakayama.jp
kushimoto.wakayama.jp
mihama.wakayama.jp
misato.wakayama.jp
nachikatsuura.wakayama.jp
shingu.wakayama.jp
shirahama.wakayama.jp
taiji.wakayama.jp
tanabe.wakayama.jp
wakayama.wakayama.jp
yuasa.wakayama.jp
yura.wakayama.jp
asahi.yamagata.jp
funagata.yamagata.jp
higashine.yamagata.jp
iide.yamagata.jp
kahoku.yamagata.jp
kaminoyama.yamagata.jp
kaneyama.yamagata.jp
kawanishi.yamagata.jp
mamurogawa.yamagata.jp
mikawa.yamagata.jp
murayama.yamagata.jp
nagai.yamagata.jp
nakayama.yamagata.jp
nanyo.yamagata.jp
nishikawa.yamagata.jp
obanazawa.yamagata.jp
oe.yamagata.jp
oguni.yamagata.jp
ohkura.yamagata.jp
oishida.yamagata.jp
sagae.yamagata.jp
sakata.yamagata.jp
sakegawa.yamagata.jp
shinjo.yamagata.jp
shirataka.yamagata.jp
shonai.yamagata.jp
takahata.yamagata.jp
tendo.yamagata.jp
tozawa.yamagata.jp
tsuruoka.yamagata.jp
yamagata.yamagata.jp
yamanobe.yamagata.jp
yonezawa.yamagata.jp
yuza.yamagata.jp
abu.yamaguchi.jp
hagi.yamaguchi.jp
hikari.yamaguchi.jp
hofu.yamaguchi.jp
iwakuni.yamaguchi.jp
kudamatsu.yamaguchi.jp
mitou.yamaguchi.jp
nagato.yamaguchi.jp
oshima.yamaguchi.jp
shimonoseki.yamaguchi.jp
shunan.yamaguchi.jp
tabuse.yamaguchi.jp
tokuyama.yamaguchi.jp
toyota.yamaguchi.jp
ube.yamaguchi.jp
yuu.yamaguchi.jp
chuo.yamanashi.jp
doshi.yamanashi.jp
fuefuki.yamanashi.jp
fujikawa.yamanashi.jp
fujikawaguchiko.yamanashi.jp
fujiyoshida.yamanashi.jp
hayakawa.yamanashi.jp
hokuto.yamanashi.jp
ichikawamisato.yamanashi.jp
kai.yamanashi.jp
kofu.yamanashi.jp
koshu.yamanashi.jp
kosuge.yamanashi.jp
minami-alps.yamanashi.jp
minobu.yamanashi.jp
nakamichi.yamanashi.jp
nanbu.yamanashi.jp
narusawa.yamanashi.jp
nirasaki.yamanashi.jp
nishikatsura.yamanashi.jp
oshino.yamanashi.jp
otsuki.yamanashi.jp
showa.yamanashi.jp
tabayama.yamanashi.jp
tsuru.yamanashi.jp
uenohara.yamanashi.jp
yamanakako.yamanashi.jp
yamanashi.yamanashi.jp
// ke : http://www.kenic.or.ke/index.php/en/ke-domains/ke-domains
ke
ac.ke
co.ke
go.ke
info.ke
me.ke
mobi.ke
ne.ke
or.ke
sc.ke
// kg : http://www.domain.kg/dmn_n.html
kg
org.kg
net.kg
com.kg
edu.kg
gov.kg
mil.kg
// kh : http://www.mptc.gov.kh/dns_registration.htm
*.kh
// ki : http://www.ki/dns/index.html
ki
edu.ki
biz.ki
net.ki
org.ki
gov.ki
info.ki
com.ki
// km : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.km
// http://www.domaine.km/documents/charte.doc
km
org.km
nom.km
gov.km
prd.km
tm.km
edu.km
mil.km
ass.km
com.km
// These are only mentioned as proposed suggestions at domaine.km, but
// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.km says they're available for registration:
coop.km
asso.km
presse.km
medecin.km
notaires.km
pharmaciens.km
veterinaire.km
gouv.km
// kn : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kn
// http://www.dot.kn/domainRules.html
kn
net.kn
org.kn
edu.kn
gov.kn
// kp : http://www.kcce.kp/en_index.php
kp
com.kp
edu.kp
gov.kp
org.kp
rep.kp
tra.kp
// kr : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kr
// see also: http://domain.nida.or.kr/eng/registration.jsp
kr
ac.kr
co.kr
es.kr
go.kr
hs.kr
kg.kr
mil.kr
ms.kr
ne.kr
or.kr
pe.kr
re.kr
sc.kr
// kr geographical names
busan.kr
chungbuk.kr
chungnam.kr
daegu.kr
daejeon.kr
gangwon.kr
gwangju.kr
gyeongbuk.kr
gyeonggi.kr
gyeongnam.kr
incheon.kr
jeju.kr
jeonbuk.kr
jeonnam.kr
seoul.kr
ulsan.kr
// kw : https://www.nic.kw/policies/
// Confirmed by registry <nic.tech@citra.gov.kw>
kw
com.kw
edu.kw
emb.kw
gov.kw
ind.kw
net.kw
org.kw
// ky : http://www.icta.ky/da_ky_reg_dom.php
// Confirmed by registry <kysupport@perimeterusa.com> 2008-06-17
ky
edu.ky
gov.ky
com.ky
org.ky
net.ky
// kz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kz
// see also: http://www.nic.kz/rules/index.jsp
kz
org.kz
edu.kz
net.kz
gov.kz
mil.kz
com.kz
// la : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.la
// Submitted by registry <gavin.brown@nic.la>
la
int.la
net.la
info.la
edu.la
gov.la
per.la
com.la
org.la
// lb : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lb
// Submitted by registry <randy@psg.com>
lb
com.lb
edu.lb
gov.lb
net.lb
org.lb
// lc : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lc
// see also: http://www.nic.lc/rules.htm
lc
com.lc
net.lc
co.lc
org.lc
edu.lc
gov.lc
// li : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.li
li
// lk : http://www.nic.lk/seclevpr.html
lk
gov.lk
sch.lk
net.lk
int.lk
com.lk
org.lk
edu.lk
ngo.lk
soc.lk
web.lk
ltd.lk
assn.lk
grp.lk
hotel.lk
ac.lk
// lr : http://psg.com/dns/lr/lr.txt
// Submitted by registry <randy@psg.com>
lr
com.lr
edu.lr
gov.lr
org.lr
net.lr
// ls : http://www.nic.ls/
// Confirmed by registry <lsadmin@nic.ls>
ls
ac.ls
biz.ls
co.ls
edu.ls
gov.ls
info.ls
net.ls
org.ls
sc.ls
// lt : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lt
lt
// gov.lt : http://www.gov.lt/index_en.php
gov.lt
// lu : http://www.dns.lu/en/
lu
// lv : http://www.nic.lv/DNS/En/generic.php
lv
com.lv
edu.lv
gov.lv
org.lv
mil.lv
id.lv
net.lv
asn.lv
conf.lv
// ly : http://www.nic.ly/regulations.php
ly
com.ly
net.ly
gov.ly
plc.ly
edu.ly
sch.ly
med.ly
org.ly
id.ly
// ma : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ma
// http://www.anrt.ma/fr/admin/download/upload/file_fr782.pdf
ma
co.ma
net.ma
gov.ma
org.ma
ac.ma
press.ma
// mc : http://www.nic.mc/
mc
tm.mc
asso.mc
// md : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.md
md
// me : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.me
me
co.me
net.me
org.me
edu.me
ac.me
gov.me
its.me
priv.me
// mg : http://nic.mg/nicmg/?page_id=39
mg
org.mg
nom.mg
gov.mg
prd.mg
tm.mg
edu.mg
mil.mg
com.mg
co.mg
// mh : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mh
mh
// mil : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mil
mil
// mk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mk
// see also: http://dns.marnet.net.mk/postapka.php
mk
com.mk
org.mk
net.mk
edu.mk
gov.mk
inf.mk
name.mk
// ml : http://www.gobin.info/domainname/ml-template.doc
// see also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ml
ml
com.ml
edu.ml
gouv.ml
gov.ml
net.ml
org.ml
presse.ml
// mm : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mm
*.mm
// mn : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mn
mn
gov.mn
edu.mn
org.mn
// mo : http://www.monic.net.mo/
mo
com.mo
net.mo
org.mo
edu.mo
gov.mo
// mobi : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mobi
mobi
// mp : http://www.dot.mp/
// Confirmed by registry <dcamacho@saipan.com> 2008-06-17
mp
// mq : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mq
mq
// mr : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mr
mr
gov.mr
// ms : http://www.nic.ms/pdf/MS_Domain_Name_Rules.pdf
ms
com.ms
edu.ms
gov.ms
net.ms
org.ms
// mt : https://www.nic.org.mt/go/policy
// Submitted by registry <help@nic.org.mt>
mt
com.mt
edu.mt
net.mt
org.mt
// mu : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mu
mu
com.mu
net.mu
org.mu
gov.mu
ac.mu
co.mu
or.mu
// museum : http://about.museum/naming/
// http://index.museum/
museum
academy.museum
agriculture.museum
air.museum
airguard.museum
alabama.museum
alaska.museum
amber.museum
ambulance.museum
american.museum
americana.museum
americanantiques.museum
americanart.museum
amsterdam.museum
and.museum
annefrank.museum
anthro.museum
anthropology.museum
antiques.museum
aquarium.museum
arboretum.museum
archaeological.museum
archaeology.museum
architecture.museum
art.museum
artanddesign.museum
artcenter.museum
artdeco.museum
arteducation.museum
artgallery.museum
arts.museum
artsandcrafts.museum
asmatart.museum
assassination.museum
assisi.museum
association.museum
astronomy.museum
atlanta.museum
austin.museum
australia.museum
automotive.museum
aviation.museum
axis.museum
badajoz.museum
baghdad.museum
bahn.museum
bale.museum
baltimore.museum
barcelona.museum
baseball.museum
basel.museum
baths.museum
bauern.museum
beauxarts.museum
beeldengeluid.museum
bellevue.museum
bergbau.museum
berkeley.museum
berlin.museum
bern.museum
bible.museum
bilbao.museum
bill.museum
birdart.museum
birthplace.museum
bonn.museum
boston.museum
botanical.museum
botanicalgarden.museum
botanicgarden.museum
botany.museum
brandywinevalley.museum
brasil.museum
bristol.museum
british.museum
britishcolumbia.museum
broadcast.museum
brunel.museum
brussel.museum
brussels.museum
bruxelles.museum
building.museum
burghof.museum
bus.museum
bushey.museum
cadaques.museum
california.museum
cambridge.museum
can.museum
canada.museum
capebreton.museum
carrier.museum
cartoonart.museum
casadelamoneda.museum
castle.museum
castres.museum
celtic.museum
center.museum
chattanooga.museum
cheltenham.museum
chesapeakebay.museum
chicago.museum
children.museum
childrens.museum
childrensgarden.museum
chiropractic.museum
chocolate.museum
christiansburg.museum
cincinnati.museum
cinema.museum
circus.museum
civilisation.museum
civilization.museum
civilwar.museum
clinton.museum
clock.museum
coal.museum
coastaldefence.museum
cody.museum
coldwar.museum
collection.museum
colonialwilliamsburg.museum
coloradoplateau.museum
columbia.museum
columbus.museum
communication.museum
communications.museum
community.museum
computer.museum
computerhistory.museum
xn--comunicaes-v6a2o.museum
contemporary.museum
contemporaryart.museum
convent.museum
copenhagen.museum
corporation.museum
xn--correios-e-telecomunicaes-ghc29a.museum
corvette.museum
costume.museum
countryestate.museum
county.museum
crafts.museum
cranbrook.museum
creation.museum
cultural.museum
culturalcenter.museum
culture.museum
cyber.museum
cymru.museum
dali.museum
dallas.museum
database.museum
ddr.museum
decorativearts.museum
delaware.museum
delmenhorst.museum
denmark.museum
depot.museum
design.museum
detroit.museum
dinosaur.museum
discovery.museum
dolls.museum
donostia.museum
durham.museum
eastafrica.museum
eastcoast.museum
education.museum
educational.museum
egyptian.museum
eisenbahn.museum
elburg.museum
elvendrell.museum
embroidery.museum
encyclopedic.museum
england.museum
entomology.museum
environment.museum
environmentalconservation.museum
epilepsy.museum
essex.museum
estate.museum
ethnology.museum
exeter.museum
exhibition.museum
family.museum
farm.museum
farmequipment.museum
farmers.museum
farmstead.museum
field.museum
figueres.museum
filatelia.museum
film.museum
fineart.museum
finearts.museum
finland.museum
flanders.museum
florida.museum
force.museum
fortmissoula.museum
fortworth.museum
foundation.museum
francaise.museum
frankfurt.museum
franziskaner.museum
freemasonry.museum
freiburg.museum
fribourg.museum
frog.museum
fundacio.museum
furniture.museum
gallery.museum
garden.museum
gateway.museum
geelvinck.museum
gemological.museum
geology.museum
georgia.museum
giessen.museum
glas.museum
glass.museum
gorge.museum
grandrapids.museum
graz.museum
guernsey.museum
halloffame.museum
hamburg.museum
handson.museum
harvestcelebration.museum
hawaii.museum
health.museum
heimatunduhren.museum
hellas.museum
helsinki.museum
hembygdsforbund.museum
heritage.museum
histoire.museum
historical.museum
historicalsociety.museum
historichouses.museum
historisch.museum
historisches.museum
history.museum
historyofscience.museum
horology.museum
house.museum
humanities.museum
illustration.museum
imageandsound.museum
indian.museum
indiana.museum
indianapolis.museum
indianmarket.museum
intelligence.museum
interactive.museum
iraq.museum
iron.museum
isleofman.museum
jamison.museum
jefferson.museum
jerusalem.museum
jewelry.museum
jewish.museum
jewishart.museum
jfk.museum
journalism.museum
judaica.museum
judygarland.museum
juedisches.museum
juif.museum
karate.museum
karikatur.museum
kids.museum
koebenhavn.museum
koeln.museum
kunst.museum
kunstsammlung.museum
kunstunddesign.museum
labor.museum
labour.museum
lajolla.museum
lancashire.museum
landes.museum
lans.museum
xn--lns-qla.museum
larsson.museum
lewismiller.museum
lincoln.museum
linz.museum
living.museum
livinghistory.museum
localhistory.museum
london.museum
losangeles.museum
louvre.museum
loyalist.museum
lucerne.museum
luxembourg.museum
luzern.museum
mad.museum
madrid.museum
mallorca.museum
manchester.museum
mansion.museum
mansions.museum
manx.museum
marburg.museum
maritime.museum
maritimo.museum
maryland.museum
marylhurst.museum
media.museum
medical.museum
medizinhistorisches.museum
meeres.museum
memorial.museum
mesaverde.museum
michigan.museum
midatlantic.museum
military.museum
mill.museum
miners.museum
mining.museum
minnesota.museum
missile.museum
missoula.museum
modern.museum
moma.museum
money.museum
monmouth.museum
monticello.museum
montreal.museum
moscow.museum
motorcycle.museum
muenchen.museum
muenster.museum
mulhouse.museum
muncie.museum
museet.museum
museumcenter.museum
museumvereniging.museum
music.museum
national.museum
nationalfirearms.museum
nationalheritage.museum
nativeamerican.museum
naturalhistory.museum
naturalhistorymuseum.museum
naturalsciences.museum
nature.museum
naturhistorisches.museum
natuurwetenschappen.museum
naumburg.museum
naval.museum
nebraska.museum
neues.museum
newhampshire.museum
newjersey.museum
newmexico.museum
newport.museum
newspaper.museum
newyork.museum
niepce.museum
norfolk.museum
north.museum
nrw.museum
nuernberg.museum
nuremberg.museum
nyc.museum
nyny.museum
oceanographic.museum
oceanographique.museum
omaha.museum
online.museum
ontario.museum
openair.museum
oregon.museum
oregontrail.museum
otago.museum
oxford.museum
pacific.museum
paderborn.museum
palace.museum
paleo.museum
palmsprings.museum
panama.museum
paris.museum
pasadena.museum
pharmacy.museum
philadelphia.museum
philadelphiaarea.museum
philately.museum
phoenix.museum
photography.museum
pilots.museum
pittsburgh.museum
planetarium.museum
plantation.museum
plants.museum
plaza.museum
portal.museum
portland.museum
portlligat.museum
posts-and-telecommunications.museum
preservation.museum
presidio.museum
press.museum
project.museum
public.museum
pubol.museum
quebec.museum
railroad.museum
railway.museum
research.museum
resistance.museum
riodejaneiro.museum
rochester.museum
rockart.museum
roma.museum
russia.museum
saintlouis.museum
salem.museum
salvadordali.museum
salzburg.museum
sandiego.museum
sanfrancisco.museum
santabarbara.museum
santacruz.museum
santafe.museum
saskatchewan.museum
satx.museum
savannahga.museum
schlesisches.museum
schoenbrunn.museum
schokoladen.museum
school.museum
schweiz.museum
science.museum
scienceandhistory.museum
scienceandindustry.museum
sciencecenter.museum
sciencecenters.museum
science-fiction.museum
sciencehistory.museum
sciences.museum
sciencesnaturelles.museum
scotland.museum
seaport.museum
settlement.museum
settlers.museum
shell.museum
sherbrooke.museum
sibenik.museum
silk.museum
ski.museum
skole.museum
society.museum
sologne.museum
soundandvision.museum
southcarolina.museum
southwest.museum
space.museum
spy.museum
square.museum
stadt.museum
stalbans.museum
starnberg.museum
state.museum
stateofdelaware.museum
station.museum
steam.museum
steiermark.museum
stjohn.museum
stockholm.museum
stpetersburg.museum
stuttgart.museum
suisse.museum
surgeonshall.museum
surrey.museum
svizzera.museum
sweden.museum
sydney.museum
tank.museum
tcm.museum
technology.museum
telekommunikation.museum
television.museum
texas.museum
textile.museum
theater.museum
time.museum
timekeeping.museum
topology.museum
torino.museum
touch.museum
town.museum
transport.museum
tree.museum
trolley.museum
trust.museum
trustee.museum
uhren.museum
ulm.museum
undersea.museum
university.museum
usa.museum
usantiques.museum
usarts.museum
uscountryestate.museum
usculture.museum
usdecorativearts.museum
usgarden.museum
ushistory.museum
ushuaia.museum
uslivinghistory.museum
utah.museum
uvic.museum
valley.museum
vantaa.museum
versailles.museum
viking.museum
village.museum
virginia.museum
virtual.museum
virtuel.museum
vlaanderen.museum
volkenkunde.museum
wales.museum
wallonie.museum
war.museum
washingtondc.museum
watchandclock.museum
watch-and-clock.museum
western.museum
westfalen.museum
whaling.museum
wildlife.museum
williamsburg.museum
windmill.museum
workshop.museum
york.museum
yorkshire.museum
yosemite.museum
youth.museum
zoological.museum
zoology.museum
xn--9dbhblg6di.museum
xn--h1aegh.museum
// mv : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mv
// "mv" included because, contra Wikipedia, google.mv exists.
mv
aero.mv
biz.mv
com.mv
coop.mv
edu.mv
gov.mv
info.mv
int.mv
mil.mv
museum.mv
name.mv
net.mv
org.mv
pro.mv
// mw : http://www.registrar.mw/
mw
ac.mw
biz.mw
co.mw
com.mw
coop.mw
edu.mw
gov.mw
int.mw
museum.mw
net.mw
org.mw
// mx : http://www.nic.mx/
// Submitted by registry <farias@nic.mx>
mx
com.mx
org.mx
gob.mx
edu.mx
net.mx
// my : http://www.mynic.net.my/
my
com.my
net.my
org.my
gov.my
edu.my
mil.my
name.my
// mz : http://www.uem.mz/
// Submitted by registry <antonio@uem.mz>
mz
ac.mz
adv.mz
co.mz
edu.mz
gov.mz
mil.mz
net.mz
org.mz
// na : http://www.na-nic.com.na/
// http://www.info.na/domain/
na
info.na
pro.na
name.na
school.na
or.na
dr.na
us.na
mx.na
ca.na
in.na
cc.na
tv.na
ws.na
mobi.na
co.na
com.na
org.na
// name : has 2nd-level tlds, but there's no list of them
name
// nc : http://www.cctld.nc/
nc
asso.nc
nom.nc
// ne : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ne
ne
// net : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.net
net
// nf : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nf
nf
com.nf
net.nf
per.nf
rec.nf
web.nf
arts.nf
firm.nf
info.nf
other.nf
store.nf
// ng : http://www.nira.org.ng/index.php/join-us/register-ng-domain/189-nira-slds
ng
com.ng
edu.ng
gov.ng
i.ng
mil.ng
mobi.ng
name.ng
net.ng
org.ng
sch.ng
// ni : http://www.nic.ni/
ni
ac.ni
biz.ni
co.ni
com.ni
edu.ni
gob.ni
in.ni
info.ni
int.ni
mil.ni
net.ni
nom.ni
org.ni
web.ni
// nl : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nl
// https://www.sidn.nl/
// ccTLD for the Netherlands
nl
// no : http://www.norid.no/regelverk/index.en.html
// The Norwegian registry has declined to notify us of updates. The web pages
// referenced below are the official source of the data. There is also an
// announce mailing list:
// https://postlister.uninett.no/sympa/info/norid-diskusjon
no
// Norid generic domains : http://www.norid.no/regelverk/vedlegg-c.en.html
fhs.no
vgs.no
fylkesbibl.no
folkebibl.no
museum.no
idrett.no
priv.no
// Non-Norid generic domains : http://www.norid.no/regelverk/vedlegg-d.en.html
mil.no
stat.no
dep.no
kommune.no
herad.no
// no geographical names : http://www.norid.no/regelverk/vedlegg-b.en.html
// counties
aa.no
ah.no
bu.no
fm.no
hl.no
hm.no
jan-mayen.no
mr.no
nl.no
nt.no
of.no
ol.no
oslo.no
rl.no
sf.no
st.no
svalbard.no
tm.no
tr.no
va.no
vf.no
// primary and lower secondary schools per county
gs.aa.no
gs.ah.no
gs.bu.no
gs.fm.no
gs.hl.no
gs.hm.no
gs.jan-mayen.no
gs.mr.no
gs.nl.no
gs.nt.no
gs.of.no
gs.ol.no
gs.oslo.no
gs.rl.no
gs.sf.no
gs.st.no
gs.svalbard.no
gs.tm.no
gs.tr.no
gs.va.no
gs.vf.no
// cities
akrehamn.no
xn--krehamn-dxa.no
algard.no
xn--lgrd-poac.no
arna.no
brumunddal.no
bryne.no
bronnoysund.no
xn--brnnysund-m8ac.no
drobak.no
xn--drbak-wua.no
egersund.no
fetsund.no
floro.no
xn--flor-jra.no
fredrikstad.no
hokksund.no
honefoss.no
xn--hnefoss-q1a.no
jessheim.no
jorpeland.no
xn--jrpeland-54a.no
kirkenes.no
kopervik.no
krokstadelva.no
langevag.no
xn--langevg-jxa.no
leirvik.no
mjondalen.no
xn--mjndalen-64a.no
mo-i-rana.no
mosjoen.no
xn--mosjen-eya.no
nesoddtangen.no
orkanger.no
osoyro.no
xn--osyro-wua.no
raholt.no
xn--rholt-mra.no
sandnessjoen.no
xn--sandnessjen-ogb.no
skedsmokorset.no
slattum.no
spjelkavik.no
stathelle.no
stavern.no
stjordalshalsen.no
xn--stjrdalshalsen-sqb.no
tananger.no
tranby.no
vossevangen.no
// communities
afjord.no
xn--fjord-lra.no
agdenes.no
al.no
xn--l-1fa.no
alesund.no
xn--lesund-hua.no
alstahaug.no
alta.no
xn--lt-liac.no
alaheadju.no
xn--laheadju-7ya.no
alvdal.no
amli.no
xn--mli-tla.no
amot.no
xn--mot-tla.no
andebu.no
andoy.no
xn--andy-ira.no
andasuolo.no
ardal.no
xn--rdal-poa.no
aremark.no
arendal.no
xn--s-1fa.no
aseral.no
xn--seral-lra.no
asker.no
askim.no
askvoll.no
askoy.no
xn--asky-ira.no
asnes.no
xn--snes-poa.no
audnedaln.no
aukra.no
aure.no
aurland.no
aurskog-holand.no
xn--aurskog-hland-jnb.no
austevoll.no
austrheim.no
averoy.no
xn--avery-yua.no
balestrand.no
ballangen.no
balat.no
xn--blt-elab.no
balsfjord.no
bahccavuotna.no
xn--bhccavuotna-k7a.no
bamble.no
bardu.no
beardu.no
beiarn.no
bajddar.no
xn--bjddar-pta.no
baidar.no
xn--bidr-5nac.no
berg.no
bergen.no
berlevag.no
xn--berlevg-jxa.no
bearalvahki.no
xn--bearalvhki-y4a.no
bindal.no
birkenes.no
bjarkoy.no
xn--bjarky-fya.no
bjerkreim.no
bjugn.no
bodo.no
xn--bod-2na.no
badaddja.no
xn--bdddj-mrabd.no
budejju.no
bokn.no
bremanger.no
bronnoy.no
xn--brnny-wuac.no
bygland.no
bykle.no
barum.no
xn--brum-voa.no
bo.telemark.no
xn--b-5ga.telemark.no
bo.nordland.no
xn--b-5ga.nordland.no
bievat.no
xn--bievt-0qa.no
bomlo.no
xn--bmlo-gra.no
batsfjord.no
xn--btsfjord-9za.no
bahcavuotna.no
xn--bhcavuotna-s4a.no
dovre.no
drammen.no
drangedal.no
dyroy.no
xn--dyry-ira.no
donna.no
xn--dnna-gra.no
eid.no
eidfjord.no
eidsberg.no
eidskog.no
eidsvoll.no
eigersund.no
elverum.no
enebakk.no
engerdal.no
etne.no
etnedal.no
evenes.no
evenassi.no
xn--eveni-0qa01ga.no
evje-og-hornnes.no
farsund.no
fauske.no
fuossko.no
fuoisku.no
fedje.no
fet.no
finnoy.no
xn--finny-yua.no
fitjar.no
fjaler.no
fjell.no
flakstad.no
flatanger.no
flekkefjord.no
flesberg.no
flora.no
fla.no
xn--fl-zia.no
folldal.no
forsand.no
fosnes.no
frei.no
frogn.no
froland.no
frosta.no
frana.no
xn--frna-woa.no
froya.no
xn--frya-hra.no
fusa.no
fyresdal.no
forde.no
xn--frde-gra.no
gamvik.no
gangaviika.no
xn--ggaviika-8ya47h.no
gaular.no
gausdal.no
gildeskal.no
xn--gildeskl-g0a.no
giske.no
gjemnes.no
gjerdrum.no
gjerstad.no
gjesdal.no
gjovik.no
xn--gjvik-wua.no
gloppen.no
gol.no
gran.no
grane.no
granvin.no
gratangen.no
grimstad.no
grong.no
kraanghke.no
xn--kranghke-b0a.no
grue.no
gulen.no
hadsel.no
halden.no
halsa.no
hamar.no
hamaroy.no
habmer.no
xn--hbmer-xqa.no
hapmir.no
xn--hpmir-xqa.no
hammerfest.no
hammarfeasta.no
xn--hmmrfeasta-s4ac.no
haram.no
hareid.no
harstad.no
hasvik.no
aknoluokta.no
xn--koluokta-7ya57h.no
hattfjelldal.no
aarborte.no
haugesund.no
hemne.no
hemnes.no
hemsedal.no
heroy.more-og-romsdal.no
xn--hery-ira.xn--mre-og-romsdal-qqb.no
heroy.nordland.no
xn--hery-ira.nordland.no
hitra.no
hjartdal.no
hjelmeland.no
hobol.no
xn--hobl-ira.no
hof.no
hol.no
hole.no
holmestrand.no
holtalen.no
xn--holtlen-hxa.no
hornindal.no
horten.no
hurdal.no
hurum.no
hvaler.no
hyllestad.no
hagebostad.no
xn--hgebostad-g3a.no
hoyanger.no
xn--hyanger-q1a.no
hoylandet.no
xn--hylandet-54a.no
ha.no
xn--h-2fa.no
ibestad.no
inderoy.no
xn--indery-fya.no
iveland.no
jevnaker.no
jondal.no
jolster.no
xn--jlster-bya.no
karasjok.no
karasjohka.no
xn--krjohka-hwab49j.no
karlsoy.no
galsa.no
xn--gls-elac.no
karmoy.no
xn--karmy-yua.no
kautokeino.no
guovdageaidnu.no
klepp.no
klabu.no
xn--klbu-woa.no
kongsberg.no
kongsvinger.no
kragero.no
xn--krager-gya.no
kristiansand.no
kristiansund.no
krodsherad.no
xn--krdsherad-m8a.no
kvalsund.no
rahkkeravju.no
xn--rhkkervju-01af.no
kvam.no
kvinesdal.no
kvinnherad.no
kviteseid.no
kvitsoy.no
xn--kvitsy-fya.no
kvafjord.no
xn--kvfjord-nxa.no
giehtavuoatna.no
kvanangen.no
xn--kvnangen-k0a.no
navuotna.no
xn--nvuotna-hwa.no
kafjord.no
xn--kfjord-iua.no
gaivuotna.no
xn--givuotna-8ya.no
larvik.no
lavangen.no
lavagis.no
loabat.no
xn--loabt-0qa.no
lebesby.no
davvesiida.no
leikanger.no
leirfjord.no
leka.no
leksvik.no
lenvik.no
leangaviika.no
xn--leagaviika-52b.no
lesja.no
levanger.no
lier.no
lierne.no
lillehammer.no
lillesand.no
lindesnes.no
lindas.no
xn--linds-pra.no
lom.no
loppa.no
lahppi.no
xn--lhppi-xqa.no
lund.no
lunner.no
luroy.no
xn--lury-ira.no
luster.no
lyngdal.no
lyngen.no
ivgu.no
lardal.no
lerdal.no
xn--lrdal-sra.no
lodingen.no
xn--ldingen-q1a.no
lorenskog.no
xn--lrenskog-54a.no
loten.no
xn--lten-gra.no
malvik.no
masoy.no
xn--msy-ula0h.no
muosat.no
xn--muost-0qa.no
mandal.no
marker.no
marnardal.no
masfjorden.no
meland.no
meldal.no
melhus.no
meloy.no
xn--mely-ira.no
meraker.no
xn--merker-kua.no
moareke.no
xn--moreke-jua.no
midsund.no
midtre-gauldal.no
modalen.no
modum.no
molde.no
moskenes.no
moss.no
mosvik.no
malselv.no
xn--mlselv-iua.no
malatvuopmi.no
xn--mlatvuopmi-s4a.no
namdalseid.no
aejrie.no
namsos.no
namsskogan.no
naamesjevuemie.no
xn--nmesjevuemie-tcba.no
laakesvuemie.no
nannestad.no
narvik.no
narviika.no
naustdal.no
nedre-eiker.no
nes.akershus.no
nes.buskerud.no
nesna.no
nesodden.no
nesseby.no
unjarga.no
xn--unjrga-rta.no
nesset.no
nissedal.no
nittedal.no
nord-aurdal.no
nord-fron.no
nord-odal.no
norddal.no
nordkapp.no
davvenjarga.no
xn--davvenjrga-y4a.no
nordre-land.no
nordreisa.no
raisa.no
xn--risa-5na.no
nore-og-uvdal.no
notodden.no
naroy.no
xn--nry-yla5g.no
notteroy.no
xn--nttery-byae.no
odda.no
oksnes.no
xn--ksnes-uua.no
oppdal.no
oppegard.no
xn--oppegrd-ixa.no
orkdal.no
orland.no
xn--rland-uua.no
orskog.no
xn--rskog-uua.no
orsta.no
xn--rsta-fra.no
os.hedmark.no
os.hordaland.no
osen.no
osteroy.no
xn--ostery-fya.no
ostre-toten.no
xn--stre-toten-zcb.no
overhalla.no
ovre-eiker.no
xn--vre-eiker-k8a.no
oyer.no
xn--yer-zna.no
oygarden.no
xn--ygarden-p1a.no
oystre-slidre.no
xn--ystre-slidre-ujb.no
porsanger.no
porsangu.no
xn--porsgu-sta26f.no
porsgrunn.no
radoy.no
xn--rady-ira.no
rakkestad.no
rana.no
ruovat.no
randaberg.no
rauma.no
rendalen.no
rennebu.no
rennesoy.no
xn--rennesy-v1a.no
rindal.no
ringebu.no
ringerike.no
ringsaker.no
rissa.no
risor.no
xn--risr-ira.no
roan.no
rollag.no
rygge.no
ralingen.no
xn--rlingen-mxa.no
rodoy.no
xn--rdy-0nab.no
romskog.no
xn--rmskog-bya.no
roros.no
xn--rros-gra.no
rost.no
xn--rst-0na.no
royken.no
xn--ryken-vua.no
royrvik.no
xn--ryrvik-bya.no
rade.no
xn--rde-ula.no
salangen.no
siellak.no
saltdal.no
salat.no
xn--slt-elab.no
xn--slat-5na.no
samnanger.no
sande.more-og-romsdal.no
sande.xn--mre-og-romsdal-qqb.no
sande.vestfold.no
sandefjord.no
sandnes.no
sandoy.no
xn--sandy-yua.no
sarpsborg.no
sauda.no
sauherad.no
sel.no
selbu.no
selje.no
seljord.no
sigdal.no
siljan.no
sirdal.no
skaun.no
skedsmo.no
ski.no
skien.no
skiptvet.no
skjervoy.no
xn--skjervy-v1a.no
skierva.no
xn--skierv-uta.no
skjak.no
xn--skjk-soa.no
skodje.no
skanland.no
xn--sknland-fxa.no
skanit.no
xn--sknit-yqa.no
smola.no
xn--smla-hra.no
snillfjord.no
snasa.no
xn--snsa-roa.no
snoasa.no
snaase.no
xn--snase-nra.no
sogndal.no
sokndal.no
sola.no
solund.no
songdalen.no
sortland.no
spydeberg.no
stange.no
stavanger.no
steigen.no
steinkjer.no
stjordal.no
xn--stjrdal-s1a.no
stokke.no
stor-elvdal.no
stord.no
stordal.no
storfjord.no
omasvuotna.no
strand.no
stranda.no
stryn.no
sula.no
suldal.no
sund.no
sunndal.no
surnadal.no
sveio.no
svelvik.no
sykkylven.no
sogne.no
xn--sgne-gra.no
somna.no
xn--smna-gra.no
sondre-land.no
xn--sndre-land-0cb.no
sor-aurdal.no
xn--sr-aurdal-l8a.no
sor-fron.no
xn--sr-fron-q1a.no
sor-odal.no
xn--sr-odal-q1a.no
sor-varanger.no
xn--sr-varanger-ggb.no
matta-varjjat.no
xn--mtta-vrjjat-k7af.no
sorfold.no
xn--srfold-bya.no
sorreisa.no
xn--srreisa-q1a.no
sorum.no
xn--srum-gra.no
tana.no
deatnu.no
time.no
tingvoll.no
tinn.no
tjeldsund.no
dielddanuorri.no
tjome.no
xn--tjme-hra.no
tokke.no
tolga.no
torsken.no
tranoy.no
xn--trany-yua.no
tromso.no
xn--troms-zua.no
tromsa.no
romsa.no
trondheim.no
troandin.no
trysil.no
trana.no
xn--trna-woa.no
trogstad.no
xn--trgstad-r1a.no
tvedestrand.no
tydal.no
tynset.no
tysfjord.no
divtasvuodna.no
divttasvuotna.no
tysnes.no
tysvar.no
xn--tysvr-vra.no
tonsberg.no
xn--tnsberg-q1a.no
ullensaker.no
ullensvang.no
ulvik.no
utsira.no
vadso.no
xn--vads-jra.no
cahcesuolo.no
xn--hcesuolo-7ya35b.no
vaksdal.no
valle.no
vang.no
vanylven.no
vardo.no
xn--vard-jra.no
varggat.no
xn--vrggt-xqad.no
vefsn.no
vaapste.no
vega.no
vegarshei.no
xn--vegrshei-c0a.no
vennesla.no
verdal.no
verran.no
vestby.no
vestnes.no
vestre-slidre.no
vestre-toten.no
vestvagoy.no
xn--vestvgy-ixa6o.no
vevelstad.no
vik.no
vikna.no
vindafjord.no
volda.no
voss.no
varoy.no
xn--vry-yla5g.no
vagan.no
xn--vgan-qoa.no
voagat.no
vagsoy.no
xn--vgsy-qoa0j.no
vaga.no
xn--vg-yiab.no
valer.ostfold.no
xn--vler-qoa.xn--stfold-9xa.no
valer.hedmark.no
xn--vler-qoa.hedmark.no
// np : http://www.mos.com.np/register.html
*.np
// nr : http://cenpac.net.nr/dns/index.html
// Submitted by registry <technician@cenpac.net.nr>
nr
biz.nr
info.nr
gov.nr
edu.nr
org.nr
net.nr
com.nr
// nu : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu
nu
// nz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nz
// Submitted by registry <jay@nzrs.net.nz>
nz
ac.nz
co.nz
cri.nz
geek.nz
gen.nz
govt.nz
health.nz
iwi.nz
kiwi.nz
maori.nz
mil.nz
xn--mori-qsa.nz
net.nz
org.nz
parliament.nz
school.nz
// om : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.om
om
co.om
com.om
edu.om
gov.om
med.om
museum.om
net.om
org.om
pro.om
// onion : https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686
onion
// org : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.org
org
// pa : http://www.nic.pa/
// Some additional second level "domains" resolve directly as hostnames, such as
// pannet.pa, so we add a rule for "pa".
pa
ac.pa
gob.pa
com.pa
org.pa
sld.pa
edu.pa
net.pa
ing.pa
abo.pa
med.pa
nom.pa
// pe : https://www.nic.pe/InformeFinalComision.pdf
pe
edu.pe
gob.pe
nom.pe
mil.pe
org.pe
com.pe
net.pe
// pf : http://www.gobin.info/domainname/formulaire-pf.pdf
pf
com.pf
org.pf
edu.pf
// pg : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pg
*.pg
// ph : http://www.domains.ph/FAQ2.asp
// Submitted by registry <jed@email.com.ph>
ph
com.ph
net.ph
org.ph
gov.ph
edu.ph
ngo.ph
mil.ph
i.ph
// pk : http://pk5.pknic.net.pk/pk5/msgNamepk.PK
pk
com.pk
net.pk
edu.pk
org.pk
fam.pk
biz.pk
web.pk
gov.pk
gob.pk
gok.pk
gon.pk
gop.pk
gos.pk
info.pk
// pl http://www.dns.pl/english/index.html
// Submitted by registry
pl
com.pl
net.pl
org.pl
// pl functional domains (http://www.dns.pl/english/index.html)
aid.pl
agro.pl
atm.pl
auto.pl
biz.pl
edu.pl
gmina.pl
gsm.pl
info.pl
mail.pl
miasta.pl
media.pl
mil.pl
nieruchomosci.pl
nom.pl
pc.pl
powiat.pl
priv.pl
realestate.pl
rel.pl
sex.pl
shop.pl
sklep.pl
sos.pl
szkola.pl
targi.pl
tm.pl
tourism.pl
travel.pl
turystyka.pl
// Government domains
gov.pl
ap.gov.pl
ic.gov.pl
is.gov.pl
us.gov.pl
kmpsp.gov.pl
kppsp.gov.pl
kwpsp.gov.pl
psp.gov.pl
wskr.gov.pl
kwp.gov.pl
mw.gov.pl
ug.gov.pl
um.gov.pl
umig.gov.pl
ugim.gov.pl
upow.gov.pl
uw.gov.pl
starostwo.gov.pl
pa.gov.pl
po.gov.pl
psse.gov.pl
pup.gov.pl
rzgw.gov.pl
sa.gov.pl
so.gov.pl
sr.gov.pl
wsa.gov.pl
sko.gov.pl
uzs.gov.pl
wiih.gov.pl
winb.gov.pl
pinb.gov.pl
wios.gov.pl
witd.gov.pl
wzmiuw.gov.pl
piw.gov.pl
wiw.gov.pl
griw.gov.pl
wif.gov.pl
oum.gov.pl
sdn.gov.pl
zp.gov.pl
uppo.gov.pl
mup.gov.pl
wuoz.gov.pl
konsulat.gov.pl
oirm.gov.pl
// pl regional domains (http://www.dns.pl/english/index.html)
augustow.pl
babia-gora.pl
bedzin.pl
beskidy.pl
bialowieza.pl
bialystok.pl
bielawa.pl
bieszczady.pl
boleslawiec.pl
bydgoszcz.pl
bytom.pl
cieszyn.pl
czeladz.pl
czest.pl
dlugoleka.pl
elblag.pl
elk.pl
glogow.pl
gniezno.pl
gorlice.pl
grajewo.pl
ilawa.pl
jaworzno.pl
jelenia-gora.pl
jgora.pl
kalisz.pl
kazimierz-dolny.pl
karpacz.pl
kartuzy.pl
kaszuby.pl
katowice.pl
kepno.pl
ketrzyn.pl
klodzko.pl
kobierzyce.pl
kolobrzeg.pl
konin.pl
konskowola.pl
kutno.pl
lapy.pl
lebork.pl
legnica.pl
lezajsk.pl
limanowa.pl
lomza.pl
lowicz.pl
lubin.pl
lukow.pl
malbork.pl
malopolska.pl
mazowsze.pl
mazury.pl
mielec.pl
mielno.pl
mragowo.pl
naklo.pl
nowaruda.pl
nysa.pl
olawa.pl
olecko.pl
olkusz.pl
olsztyn.pl
opoczno.pl
opole.pl
ostroda.pl
ostroleka.pl
ostrowiec.pl
ostrowwlkp.pl
pila.pl
pisz.pl
podhale.pl
podlasie.pl
polkowice.pl
pomorze.pl
pomorskie.pl
prochowice.pl
pruszkow.pl
przeworsk.pl
pulawy.pl
radom.pl
rawa-maz.pl
rybnik.pl
rzeszow.pl
sanok.pl
sejny.pl
slask.pl
slupsk.pl
sosnowiec.pl
stalowa-wola.pl
skoczow.pl
starachowice.pl
stargard.pl
suwalki.pl
swidnica.pl
swiebodzin.pl
swinoujscie.pl
szczecin.pl
szczytno.pl
tarnobrzeg.pl
tgory.pl
turek.pl
tychy.pl
ustka.pl
walbrzych.pl
warmia.pl
warszawa.pl
waw.pl
wegrow.pl
wielun.pl
wlocl.pl
wloclawek.pl
wodzislaw.pl
wolomin.pl
wroclaw.pl
zachpomor.pl
zagan.pl
zarow.pl
zgora.pl
zgorzelec.pl
// pm : http://www.afnic.fr/medias/documents/AFNIC-naming-policy2012.pdf
pm
// pn : http://www.government.pn/PnRegistry/policies.htm
pn
gov.pn
co.pn
org.pn
edu.pn
net.pn
// post : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.post
post
// pr : http://www.nic.pr/index.asp?f=1
pr
com.pr
net.pr
org.pr
gov.pr
edu.pr
isla.pr
pro.pr
biz.pr
info.pr
name.pr
// these aren't mentioned on nic.pr, but on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pr
est.pr
prof.pr
ac.pr
// pro : http://registry.pro/get-pro
pro
aaa.pro
aca.pro
acct.pro
avocat.pro
bar.pro
cpa.pro
eng.pro
jur.pro
law.pro
med.pro
recht.pro
// ps : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ps
// http://www.nic.ps/registration/policy.html#reg
ps
edu.ps
gov.ps
sec.ps
plo.ps
com.ps
org.ps
net.ps
// pt : http://online.dns.pt/dns/start_dns
pt
net.pt
gov.pt
org.pt
edu.pt
int.pt
publ.pt
com.pt
nome.pt
// pw : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pw
pw
co.pw
ne.pw
or.pw
ed.pw
go.pw
belau.pw
// py : http://www.nic.py/pautas.html#seccion_9
// Submitted by registry
py
com.py
coop.py
edu.py
gov.py
mil.py
net.py
org.py
// qa : http://domains.qa/en/
qa
com.qa
edu.qa
gov.qa
mil.qa
name.qa
net.qa
org.qa
sch.qa
// re : http://www.afnic.re/obtenir/chartes/nommage-re/annexe-descriptifs
re
asso.re
com.re
nom.re
// ro : http://www.rotld.ro/
ro
arts.ro
com.ro
firm.ro
info.ro
nom.ro
nt.ro
org.ro
rec.ro
store.ro
tm.ro
www.ro
// rs : https://www.rnids.rs/en/domains/national-domains
rs
ac.rs
co.rs
edu.rs
gov.rs
in.rs
org.rs
// ru : https://cctld.ru/en/domains/domens_ru/reserved/
ru
ac.ru
edu.ru
gov.ru
int.ru
mil.ru
test.ru
// rw : http://www.nic.rw/cgi-bin/policy.pl
rw
gov.rw
net.rw
edu.rw
ac.rw
com.rw
co.rw
int.rw
mil.rw
gouv.rw
// sa : http://www.nic.net.sa/
sa
com.sa
net.sa
org.sa
gov.sa
med.sa
pub.sa
edu.sa
sch.sa
// sb : http://www.sbnic.net.sb/
// Submitted by registry <lee.humphries@telekom.com.sb>
sb
com.sb
edu.sb
gov.sb
net.sb
org.sb
// sc : http://www.nic.sc/
sc
com.sc
gov.sc
net.sc
org.sc
edu.sc
// sd : http://www.isoc.sd/sudanic.isoc.sd/billing_pricing.htm
// Submitted by registry <admin@isoc.sd>
sd
com.sd
net.sd
org.sd
edu.sd
med.sd
tv.sd
gov.sd
info.sd
// se : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.se
// Submitted by registry <patrik.wallstrom@iis.se>
se
a.se
ac.se
b.se
bd.se
brand.se
c.se
d.se
e.se
f.se
fh.se
fhsk.se
fhv.se
g.se
h.se
i.se
k.se
komforb.se
kommunalforbund.se
komvux.se
l.se
lanbib.se
m.se
n.se
naturbruksgymn.se
o.se
org.se
p.se
parti.se
pp.se
press.se
r.se
s.se
t.se
tm.se
u.se
w.se
x.se
y.se
z.se
// sg : http://www.nic.net.sg/page/registration-policies-procedures-and-guidelines
sg
com.sg
net.sg
org.sg
gov.sg
edu.sg
per.sg
// sh : http://www.nic.sh/registrar.html
sh
com.sh
net.sh
gov.sh
org.sh
mil.sh
// si : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.si
si
// sj : No registrations at this time.
// Submitted by registry <jarle@uninett.no>
sj
// sk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sk
// list of 2nd level domains ?
sk
// sl : http://www.nic.sl
// Submitted by registry <adam@neoip.com>
sl
com.sl
net.sl
edu.sl
gov.sl
org.sl
// sm : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sm
sm
// sn : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sn
sn
art.sn
com.sn
edu.sn
gouv.sn
org.sn
perso.sn
univ.sn
// so : http://www.soregistry.com/
so
com.so
net.so
org.so
// sr : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sr
sr
// st : http://www.nic.st/html/policyrules/
st
co.st
com.st
consulado.st
edu.st
embaixada.st
gov.st
mil.st
net.st
org.st
principe.st
saotome.st
store.st
// su : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su
su
// sv : http://www.svnet.org.sv/niveldos.pdf
sv
com.sv
edu.sv
gob.sv
org.sv
red.sv
// sx : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sx
// Submitted by registry <jcvignes@openregistry.com>
sx
gov.sx
// sy : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sy
// see also: http://www.gobin.info/domainname/sy.doc
sy
edu.sy
gov.sy
net.sy
mil.sy
com.sy
org.sy
// sz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sz
// http://www.sispa.org.sz/
sz
co.sz
ac.sz
org.sz
// tc : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tc
tc
// td : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.td
td
// tel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tel
// http://www.telnic.org/
tel
// tf : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tf
tf
// tg : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tg
// http://www.nic.tg/
tg
// th : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.th
// Submitted by registry <krit@thains.co.th>
th
ac.th
co.th
go.th
in.th
mi.th
net.th
or.th
// tj : http://www.nic.tj/policy.html
tj
ac.tj
biz.tj
co.tj
com.tj
edu.tj
go.tj
gov.tj
int.tj
mil.tj
name.tj
net.tj
nic.tj
org.tj
test.tj
web.tj
// tk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tk
tk
// tl : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tl
tl
gov.tl
// tm : http://www.nic.tm/local.html
tm
com.tm
co.tm
org.tm
net.tm
nom.tm
gov.tm
mil.tm
edu.tm
// tn : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tn
// http://whois.ati.tn/
tn
com.tn
ens.tn
fin.tn
gov.tn
ind.tn
intl.tn
nat.tn
net.tn
org.tn
info.tn
perso.tn
tourism.tn
edunet.tn
rnrt.tn
rns.tn
rnu.tn
mincom.tn
agrinet.tn
defense.tn
turen.tn
// to : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.to
// Submitted by registry <egullich@colo.to>
to
com.to
gov.to
net.to
org.to
edu.to
mil.to
// subTLDs: https://www.nic.tr/forms/eng/policies.pdf
// and: https://www.nic.tr/forms/politikalar.pdf
// Submitted by <mehmetgurevin@gmail.com>
tr
com.tr
info.tr
biz.tr
net.tr
org.tr
web.tr
gen.tr
tv.tr
av.tr
dr.tr
bbs.tr
name.tr
tel.tr
gov.tr
bel.tr
pol.tr
mil.tr
k12.tr
edu.tr
kep.tr
// Used by Northern Cyprus
nc.tr
// Used by government agencies of Northern Cyprus
gov.nc.tr
// tt : http://www.nic.tt/
tt
co.tt
com.tt
org.tt
net.tt
biz.tt
info.tt
pro.tt
int.tt
coop.tt
jobs.tt
mobi.tt
travel.tt
museum.tt
aero.tt
name.tt
gov.tt
edu.tt
// tv : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tv
// Not listing any 2LDs as reserved since none seem to exist in practice,
// Wikipedia notwithstanding.
tv
// tw : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tw
tw
edu.tw
gov.tw
mil.tw
com.tw
net.tw
org.tw
idv.tw
game.tw
ebiz.tw
club.tw
xn--zf0ao64a.tw
xn--uc0atv.tw
xn--czrw28b.tw
// tz : http://www.tznic.or.tz/index.php/domains
// Submitted by registry <manager@tznic.or.tz>
tz
ac.tz
co.tz
go.tz
hotel.tz
info.tz
me.tz
mil.tz
mobi.tz
ne.tz
or.tz
sc.tz
tv.tz
// ua : https://hostmaster.ua/policy/?ua
// Submitted by registry <dk@cctld.ua>
ua
// ua 2LD
com.ua
edu.ua
gov.ua
in.ua
net.ua
org.ua
// ua geographic names
// https://hostmaster.ua/2ld/
cherkassy.ua
cherkasy.ua
chernigov.ua
chernihiv.ua
chernivtsi.ua
chernovtsy.ua
ck.ua
cn.ua
cr.ua
crimea.ua
cv.ua
dn.ua
dnepropetrovsk.ua
dnipropetrovsk.ua
dominic.ua
donetsk.ua
dp.ua
if.ua
ivano-frankivsk.ua
kh.ua
kharkiv.ua
kharkov.ua
kherson.ua
khmelnitskiy.ua
khmelnytskyi.ua
kiev.ua
kirovograd.ua
km.ua
kr.ua
krym.ua
ks.ua
kv.ua
kyiv.ua
lg.ua
lt.ua
lugansk.ua
lutsk.ua
lv.ua
lviv.ua
mk.ua
mykolaiv.ua
nikolaev.ua
od.ua
odesa.ua
odessa.ua
pl.ua
poltava.ua
rivne.ua
rovno.ua
rv.ua
sb.ua
sebastopol.ua
sevastopol.ua
sm.ua
sumy.ua
te.ua
ternopil.ua
uz.ua
uzhgorod.ua
vinnica.ua
vinnytsia.ua
vn.ua
volyn.ua
yalta.ua
zaporizhzhe.ua
zaporizhzhia.ua
zhitomir.ua
zhytomyr.ua
zp.ua
zt.ua
// ug : https://www.registry.co.ug/
ug
co.ug
or.ug
ac.ug
sc.ug
go.ug
ne.ug
com.ug
org.ug
// uk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk
// Submitted by registry <Michael.Daly@nominet.org.uk>
uk
ac.uk
co.uk
gov.uk
ltd.uk
me.uk
net.uk
nhs.uk
org.uk
plc.uk
police.uk
*.sch.uk
// us : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us
us
dni.us
fed.us
isa.us
kids.us
nsn.us
// us geographic names
ak.us
al.us
ar.us
as.us
az.us
ca.us
co.us
ct.us
dc.us
de.us
fl.us
ga.us
gu.us
hi.us
ia.us
id.us
il.us
in.us
ks.us
ky.us
la.us
ma.us
md.us
me.us
mi.us
mn.us
mo.us
ms.us
mt.us
nc.us
nd.us
ne.us
nh.us
nj.us
nm.us
nv.us
ny.us
oh.us
ok.us
or.us
pa.us
pr.us
ri.us
sc.us
sd.us
tn.us
tx.us
ut.us
vi.us
vt.us
va.us
wa.us
wi.us
wv.us
wy.us
// The registrar notes several more specific domains available in each state,
// such as state.*.us, dst.*.us, etc., but resolution of these is somewhat
// haphazard; in some states these domains resolve as addresses, while in others
// only subdomains are available, or even nothing at all. We include the
// most common ones where it's clear that different sites are different
// entities.
k12.ak.us
k12.al.us
k12.ar.us
k12.as.us
k12.az.us
k12.ca.us
k12.co.us
k12.ct.us
k12.dc.us
k12.de.us
k12.fl.us
k12.ga.us
k12.gu.us
// k12.hi.us Bug 614565 - Hawaii has a state-wide DOE login
k12.ia.us
k12.id.us
k12.il.us
k12.in.us
k12.ks.us
k12.ky.us
k12.la.us
k12.ma.us
k12.md.us
k12.me.us
k12.mi.us
k12.mn.us
k12.mo.us
k12.ms.us
k12.mt.us
k12.nc.us
// k12.nd.us Bug 1028347 - Removed at request of Travis Rosso <trossow@nd.gov>
k12.ne.us
k12.nh.us
k12.nj.us
k12.nm.us
k12.nv.us
k12.ny.us
k12.oh.us
k12.ok.us
k12.or.us
k12.pa.us
k12.pr.us
k12.ri.us
k12.sc.us
// k12.sd.us Bug 934131 - Removed at request of James Booze <James.Booze@k12.sd.us>
k12.tn.us
k12.tx.us
k12.ut.us
k12.vi.us
k12.vt.us
k12.va.us
k12.wa.us
k12.wi.us
// k12.wv.us Bug 947705 - Removed at request of Verne Britton <verne@wvnet.edu>
k12.wy.us
cc.ak.us
cc.al.us
cc.ar.us
cc.as.us
cc.az.us
cc.ca.us
cc.co.us
cc.ct.us
cc.dc.us
cc.de.us
cc.fl.us
cc.ga.us
cc.gu.us
cc.hi.us
cc.ia.us
cc.id.us
cc.il.us
cc.in.us
cc.ks.us
cc.ky.us
cc.la.us
cc.ma.us
cc.md.us
cc.me.us
cc.mi.us
cc.mn.us
cc.mo.us
cc.ms.us
cc.mt.us
cc.nc.us
cc.nd.us
cc.ne.us
cc.nh.us
cc.nj.us
cc.nm.us
cc.nv.us
cc.ny.us
cc.oh.us
cc.ok.us
cc.or.us
cc.pa.us
cc.pr.us
cc.ri.us
cc.sc.us
cc.sd.us
cc.tn.us
cc.tx.us
cc.ut.us
cc.vi.us
cc.vt.us
cc.va.us
cc.wa.us
cc.wi.us
cc.wv.us
cc.wy.us
lib.ak.us
lib.al.us
lib.ar.us
lib.as.us
lib.az.us
lib.ca.us
lib.co.us
lib.ct.us
lib.dc.us
// lib.de.us Issue #243 - Moved to Private section at request of Ed Moore <Ed.Moore@lib.de.us>
lib.fl.us
lib.ga.us
lib.gu.us
lib.hi.us
lib.ia.us
lib.id.us
lib.il.us
lib.in.us
lib.ks.us
lib.ky.us
lib.la.us
lib.ma.us
lib.md.us
lib.me.us
lib.mi.us
lib.mn.us
lib.mo.us
lib.ms.us
lib.mt.us
lib.nc.us
lib.nd.us
lib.ne.us
lib.nh.us
lib.nj.us
lib.nm.us
lib.nv.us
lib.ny.us
lib.oh.us
lib.ok.us
lib.or.us
lib.pa.us
lib.pr.us
lib.ri.us
lib.sc.us
lib.sd.us
lib.tn.us
lib.tx.us
lib.ut.us
lib.vi.us
lib.vt.us
lib.va.us
lib.wa.us
lib.wi.us
// lib.wv.us Bug 941670 - Removed at request of Larry W Arnold <arnold@wvlc.lib.wv.us>
lib.wy.us
// k12.ma.us contains school districts in Massachusetts. The 4LDs are
// managed independently except for private (PVT), charter (CHTR) and
// parochial (PAROCH) schools. Those are delegated directly to the
// 5LD operators. <k12-ma-hostmaster _ at _ rsuc.gweep.net>
pvt.k12.ma.us
chtr.k12.ma.us
paroch.k12.ma.us
// Merit Network, Inc. maintains the registry for =~ /(k12|cc|lib).mi.us/ and the following
// see also: http://domreg.merit.edu
// see also: whois -h whois.domreg.merit.edu help
ann-arbor.mi.us
cog.mi.us
dst.mi.us
eaton.mi.us
gen.mi.us
mus.mi.us
tec.mi.us
washtenaw.mi.us
// uy : http://www.nic.org.uy/
uy
com.uy
edu.uy
gub.uy
mil.uy
net.uy
org.uy
// uz : http://www.reg.uz/
uz
co.uz
com.uz
net.uz
org.uz
// va : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.va
va
// vc : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.vc
// Submitted by registry <kshah@ca.afilias.info>
vc
com.vc
net.vc
org.vc
gov.vc
mil.vc
edu.vc
// ve : https://registro.nic.ve/
// Submitted by registry
ve
arts.ve
co.ve
com.ve
e12.ve
edu.ve
firm.ve
gob.ve
gov.ve
info.ve
int.ve
mil.ve
net.ve
org.ve
rec.ve
store.ve
tec.ve
web.ve
// vg : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.vg
vg
// vi : http://www.nic.vi/newdomainform.htm
// http://www.nic.vi/Domain_Rules/body_domain_rules.html indicates some other
// TLDs are "reserved", such as edu.vi and gov.vi, but doesn't actually say they
// are available for registration (which they do not seem to be).
vi
co.vi
com.vi
k12.vi
net.vi
org.vi
// vn : https://www.dot.vn/vnnic/vnnic/domainregistration.jsp
vn
com.vn
net.vn
org.vn
edu.vn
gov.vn
int.vn
ac.vn
biz.vn
info.vn
name.vn
pro.vn
health.vn
// vu : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.vu
// http://www.vunic.vu/
vu
com.vu
edu.vu
net.vu
org.vu
// wf : http://www.afnic.fr/medias/documents/AFNIC-naming-policy2012.pdf
wf
// ws : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ws
// http://samoanic.ws/index.dhtml
ws
com.ws
net.ws
org.ws
gov.ws
edu.ws
// yt : http://www.afnic.fr/medias/documents/AFNIC-naming-policy2012.pdf
yt
// IDN ccTLDs
// When submitting patches, please maintain a sort by ISO 3166 ccTLD, then
// U-label, and follow this format:
// // A-Label ("<Latin renderings>", <language name>[, variant info]) : <ISO 3166 ccTLD>
// // [sponsoring org]
// U-Label
// xn--mgbaam7a8h ("Emerat", Arabic) : AE
// http://nic.ae/english/arabicdomain/rules.jsp
xn--mgbaam7a8h
// xn--y9a3aq ("hye", Armenian) : AM
// ISOC AM (operated by .am Registry)
xn--y9a3aq
// xn--54b7fta0cc ("Bangla", Bangla) : BD
xn--54b7fta0cc
// xn--90ae ("bg", Bulgarian) : BG
xn--90ae
// xn--90ais ("bel", Belarusian/Russian Cyrillic) : BY
// Operated by .by registry
xn--90ais
// xn--fiqs8s ("Zhongguo/China", Chinese, Simplified) : CN
// CNNIC
// http://cnnic.cn/html/Dir/2005/10/11/3218.htm
xn--fiqs8s
// xn--fiqz9s ("Zhongguo/China", Chinese, Traditional) : CN
// CNNIC
// http://cnnic.cn/html/Dir/2005/10/11/3218.htm
xn--fiqz9s
// xn--lgbbat1ad8j ("Algeria/Al Jazair", Arabic) : DZ
xn--lgbbat1ad8j
// xn--wgbh1c ("Egypt/Masr", Arabic) : EG
// http://www.dotmasr.eg/
xn--wgbh1c
// xn--e1a4c ("eu", Cyrillic) : EU
xn--e1a4c
// xn--node ("ge", Georgian Mkhedruli) : GE
xn--node
// xn--qxam ("el", Greek) : GR
// Hellenic Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport, and Networks
xn--qxam
// xn--j6w193g ("Hong Kong", Chinese) : HK
// https://www.hkirc.hk
// Submitted by registry <hk.tech@hkirc.hk>
// https://www.hkirc.hk/content.jsp?id=30#!/34
xn--j6w193g
xn--55qx5d.xn--j6w193g
xn--wcvs22d.xn--j6w193g
xn--mxtq1m.xn--j6w193g
xn--gmqw5a.xn--j6w193g
xn--od0alg.xn--j6w193g
xn--uc0atv.xn--j6w193g
// xn--2scrj9c ("Bharat", Kannada) : IN
// India
xn--2scrj9c
// xn--3hcrj9c ("Bharat", Oriya) : IN
// India
xn--3hcrj9c
// xn--45br5cyl ("Bharatam", Assamese) : IN
// India
xn--45br5cyl
// xn--h2breg3eve ("Bharatam", Sanskrit) : IN
// India
xn--h2breg3eve
// xn--h2brj9c8c ("Bharot", Santali) : IN
// India
xn--h2brj9c8c
// xn--mgbgu82a ("Bharat", Sindhi) : IN
// India
xn--mgbgu82a
// xn--rvc1e0am3e ("Bharatam", Malayalam) : IN
// India
xn--rvc1e0am3e
// xn--h2brj9c ("Bharat", Devanagari) : IN
// India
xn--h2brj9c
// xn--mgbbh1a ("Bharat", Kashmiri) : IN
// India
xn--mgbbh1a
// xn--mgbbh1a71e ("Bharat", Arabic) : IN
// India
xn--mgbbh1a71e
// xn--fpcrj9c3d ("Bharat", Telugu) : IN
// India
xn--fpcrj9c3d
// xn--gecrj9c ("Bharat", Gujarati) : IN
// India
xn--gecrj9c
// xn--s9brj9c ("Bharat", Gurmukhi) : IN
// India
xn--s9brj9c
// xn--45brj9c ("Bharat", Bengali) : IN
// India
xn--45brj9c
// xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h ("India", Tamil) : IN
// India
xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h
// xn--mgba3a4f16a ("Iran", Persian) : IR
xn--mgba3a4f16a
// xn--mgba3a4fra ("Iran", Arabic) : IR
xn--mgba3a4fra
// xn--mgbtx2b ("Iraq", Arabic) : IQ
// Communications and Media Commission
xn--mgbtx2b
// xn--mgbayh7gpa ("al-Ordon", Arabic) : JO
// National Information Technology Center (NITC)
// Royal Scientific Society, Al-Jubeiha
xn--mgbayh7gpa
// xn--3e0b707e ("Republic of Korea", Hangul) : KR
xn--3e0b707e
// xn--80ao21a ("Kaz", Kazakh) : KZ
xn--80ao21a
// xn--fzc2c9e2c ("Lanka", Sinhalese-Sinhala) : LK
// http://nic.lk
xn--fzc2c9e2c
// xn--xkc2al3hye2a ("Ilangai", Tamil) : LK
// http://nic.lk
xn--xkc2al3hye2a
// xn--mgbc0a9azcg ("Morocco/al-Maghrib", Arabic) : MA
xn--mgbc0a9azcg
// xn--d1alf ("mkd", Macedonian) : MK
// MARnet
xn--d1alf
// xn--l1acc ("mon", Mongolian) : MN
xn--l1acc
// xn--mix891f ("Macao", Chinese, Traditional) : MO
// MONIC / HNET Asia (Registry Operator for .mo)
xn--mix891f
// xn--mix082f ("Macao", Chinese, Simplified) : MO
xn--mix082f
// xn--mgbx4cd0ab ("Malaysia", Malay) : MY
xn--mgbx4cd0ab
// xn--mgb9awbf ("Oman", Arabic) : OM
xn--mgb9awbf
// xn--mgbai9azgqp6j ("Pakistan", Urdu/Arabic) : PK
xn--mgbai9azgqp6j
// xn--mgbai9a5eva00b ("Pakistan", Urdu/Arabic, variant) : PK
xn--mgbai9a5eva00b
// xn--ygbi2ammx ("Falasteen", Arabic) : PS
// The Palestinian National Internet Naming Authority (PNINA)
// http://www.pnina.ps
xn--ygbi2ammx
// xn--90a3ac ("srb", Cyrillic) : RS
// https://www.rnids.rs/en/domains/national-domains
xn--90a3ac
xn--o1ac.xn--90a3ac
xn--c1avg.xn--90a3ac
xn--90azh.xn--90a3ac
xn--d1at.xn--90a3ac
xn--o1ach.xn--90a3ac
xn--80au.xn--90a3ac
// xn--p1ai ("rf", Russian-Cyrillic) : RU
// http://www.cctld.ru/en/docs/rulesrf.php
xn--p1ai
// xn--wgbl6a ("Qatar", Arabic) : QA
// http://www.ict.gov.qa/
xn--wgbl6a
// xn--mgberp4a5d4ar ("AlSaudiah", Arabic) : SA
// http://www.nic.net.sa/
xn--mgberp4a5d4ar
// xn--mgberp4a5d4a87g ("AlSaudiah", Arabic, variant) : SA
xn--mgberp4a5d4a87g
// xn--mgbqly7c0a67fbc ("AlSaudiah", Arabic, variant) : SA
xn--mgbqly7c0a67fbc
// xn--mgbqly7cvafr ("AlSaudiah", Arabic, variant) : SA
xn--mgbqly7cvafr
// xn--mgbpl2fh ("sudan", Arabic) : SD
// Operated by .sd registry
xn--mgbpl2fh
// xn--yfro4i67o Singapore ("Singapore", Chinese) : SG
xn--yfro4i67o
// xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd ("Singapore", Tamil) : SG
xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd
// xn--ogbpf8fl ("Syria", Arabic) : SY
xn--ogbpf8fl
// xn--mgbtf8fl ("Syria", Arabic, variant) : SY
xn--mgbtf8fl
// xn--o3cw4h ("Thai", Thai) : TH
// http://www.thnic.co.th
xn--o3cw4h
xn--12c1fe0br.xn--o3cw4h
xn--12co0c3b4eva.xn--o3cw4h
xn--h3cuzk1di.xn--o3cw4h
xn--o3cyx2a.xn--o3cw4h
xn--m3ch0j3a.xn--o3cw4h
xn--12cfi8ixb8l.xn--o3cw4h
// xn--pgbs0dh ("Tunisia", Arabic) : TN
// http://nic.tn
xn--pgbs0dh
// xn--kpry57d ("Taiwan", Chinese, Traditional) : TW
// http://www.twnic.net/english/dn/dn_07a.htm
xn--kpry57d
// xn--kprw13d ("Taiwan", Chinese, Simplified) : TW
// http://www.twnic.net/english/dn/dn_07a.htm
xn--kprw13d
// xn--nnx388a ("Taiwan", Chinese, variant) : TW
xn--nnx388a
// xn--j1amh ("ukr", Cyrillic) : UA
xn--j1amh
// xn--mgb2ddes ("AlYemen", Arabic) : YE
xn--mgb2ddes
// xxx : http://icmregistry.com
xxx
// ye : http://www.y.net.ye/services/domain_name.htm
*.ye
// za : http://www.zadna.org.za/content/page/domain-information
ac.za
agric.za
alt.za
co.za
edu.za
gov.za
grondar.za
law.za
mil.za
net.za
ngo.za
nis.za
nom.za
org.za
school.za
tm.za
web.za
// zm : https://zicta.zm/
// Submitted by registry <info@zicta.zm>
zm
ac.zm
biz.zm
co.zm
com.zm
edu.zm
gov.zm
info.zm
mil.zm
net.zm
org.zm
sch.zm
// zw : https://www.potraz.gov.zw/
// Confirmed by registry <bmtengwa@potraz.gov.zw> 2017-01-25
zw
ac.zw
co.zw
gov.zw
mil.zw
org.zw
// newGTLDs
// List of new gTLDs imported from https://newgtlds.icann.org/newgtlds.csv on 2018-05-08T19:40:37Z
// This list is auto-generated, don't edit it manually.
// aaa : 2015-02-26 American Automobile Association, Inc.
aaa
// aarp : 2015-05-21 AARP
aarp
// abarth : 2015-07-30 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
abarth
// abb : 2014-10-24 ABB Ltd
abb
// abbott : 2014-07-24 Abbott Laboratories, Inc.
abbott
// abbvie : 2015-07-30 AbbVie Inc.
abbvie
// abc : 2015-07-30 Disney Enterprises, Inc.
abc
// able : 2015-06-25 Able Inc.
able
// abogado : 2014-04-24 Minds + Machines Group Limited
abogado
// abudhabi : 2015-07-30 Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Centre
abudhabi
// academy : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
academy
// accenture : 2014-08-15 Accenture plc
accenture
// accountant : 2014-11-20 dot Accountant Limited
accountant
// accountants : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
accountants
// aco : 2015-01-08 ACO Severin Ahlmann GmbH & Co. KG
aco
// active : 2014-05-01 Active Network, LLC
active
// actor : 2013-12-12 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
actor
// adac : 2015-07-16 Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club e.V. (ADAC)
adac
// ads : 2014-12-04 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
ads
// adult : 2014-10-16 ICM Registry AD LLC
adult
// aeg : 2015-03-19 Aktiebolaget Electrolux
aeg
// aetna : 2015-05-21 Aetna Life Insurance Company
aetna
// afamilycompany : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
afamilycompany
// afl : 2014-10-02 Australian Football League
afl
// africa : 2014-03-24 ZA Central Registry NPC trading as Registry.Africa
africa
// agakhan : 2015-04-23 Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation)
agakhan
// agency : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC
agency
// aig : 2014-12-18 American International Group, Inc.
aig
// aigo : 2015-08-06 aigo Digital Technology Co,Ltd.
aigo
// airbus : 2015-07-30 Airbus S.A.S.
airbus
// airforce : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
airforce
// airtel : 2014-10-24 Bharti Airtel Limited
airtel
// akdn : 2015-04-23 Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation)
akdn
// alfaromeo : 2015-07-31 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
alfaromeo
// alibaba : 2015-01-15 Alibaba Group Holding Limited
alibaba
// alipay : 2015-01-15 Alibaba Group Holding Limited
alipay
// allfinanz : 2014-07-03 Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft
allfinanz
// allstate : 2015-07-31 Allstate Fire and Casualty Insurance Company
allstate
// ally : 2015-06-18 Ally Financial Inc.
ally
// alsace : 2014-07-02 Region Grand Est
alsace
// alstom : 2015-07-30 ALSTOM
alstom
// americanexpress : 2015-07-31 American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.
americanexpress
// americanfamily : 2015-07-23 AmFam, Inc.
americanfamily
// amex : 2015-07-31 American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.
amex
// amfam : 2015-07-23 AmFam, Inc.
amfam
// amica : 2015-05-28 Amica Mutual Insurance Company
amica
// amsterdam : 2014-07-24 Gemeente Amsterdam
amsterdam
// analytics : 2014-12-18 Campus IP LLC
analytics
// android : 2014-08-07 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
android
// anquan : 2015-01-08 QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
anquan
// anz : 2015-07-31 Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited
anz
// aol : 2015-09-17 Oath Inc.
aol
// apartments : 2014-12-11 Binky Moon, LLC
apartments
// app : 2015-05-14 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
app
// apple : 2015-05-14 Apple Inc.
apple
// aquarelle : 2014-07-24 Aquarelle.com
aquarelle
// arab : 2015-11-12 League of Arab States
arab
// aramco : 2014-11-20 Aramco Services Company
aramco
// archi : 2014-02-06 Afilias plc
archi
// army : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
army
// art : 2016-03-24 UK Creative Ideas Limited
art
// arte : 2014-12-11 Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E.
arte
// asda : 2015-07-31 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
asda
// associates : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
associates
// athleta : 2015-07-30 The Gap, Inc.
athleta
// attorney : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
attorney
// auction : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
auction
// audi : 2015-05-21 AUDI Aktiengesellschaft
audi
// audible : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
audible
// audio : 2014-03-20 Uniregistry, Corp.
audio
// auspost : 2015-08-13 Australian Postal Corporation
auspost
// author : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
author
// auto : 2014-11-13 Cars Registry Limited
auto
// autos : 2014-01-09 DERAutos, LLC
autos
// avianca : 2015-01-08 Aerovias del Continente Americano S.A. Avianca
avianca
// aws : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
aws
// axa : 2013-12-19 AXA SA
axa
// azure : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation
azure
// baby : 2015-04-09 Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.
baby
// baidu : 2015-01-08 Baidu, Inc.
baidu
// banamex : 2015-07-30 Citigroup Inc.
banamex
// bananarepublic : 2015-07-31 The Gap, Inc.
bananarepublic
// band : 2014-06-12 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
band
// bank : 2014-09-25 fTLD Registry Services LLC
bank
// bar : 2013-12-12 Punto 2012 Sociedad Anonima Promotora de Inversion de Capital Variable
bar
// barcelona : 2014-07-24 Municipi de Barcelona
barcelona
// barclaycard : 2014-11-20 Barclays Bank PLC
barclaycard
// barclays : 2014-11-20 Barclays Bank PLC
barclays
// barefoot : 2015-06-11 Gallo Vineyards, Inc.
barefoot
// bargains : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC
bargains
// baseball : 2015-10-29 MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC
baseball
// basketball : 2015-08-20 Fédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA)
basketball
// bauhaus : 2014-04-17 Werkhaus GmbH
bauhaus
// bayern : 2014-01-23 Bayern Connect GmbH
bayern
// bbc : 2014-12-18 British Broadcasting Corporation
bbc
// bbt : 2015-07-23 BB&T Corporation
bbt
// bbva : 2014-10-02 BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A.
bbva
// bcg : 2015-04-02 The Boston Consulting Group, Inc.
bcg
// bcn : 2014-07-24 Municipi de Barcelona
bcn
// beats : 2015-05-14 Beats Electronics, LLC
beats
// beauty : 2015-12-03 L'Oréal
beauty
// beer : 2014-01-09 Minds + Machines Group Limited
beer
// bentley : 2014-12-18 Bentley Motors Limited
bentley
// berlin : 2013-10-31 dotBERLIN GmbH & Co. KG
berlin
// best : 2013-12-19 BestTLD Pty Ltd
best
// bestbuy : 2015-07-31 BBY Solutions, Inc.
bestbuy
// bet : 2015-05-07 Afilias plc
bet
// bharti : 2014-01-09 Bharti Enterprises (Holding) Private Limited
bharti
// bible : 2014-06-19 American Bible Society
bible
// bid : 2013-12-19 dot Bid Limited
bid
// bike : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC
bike
// bing : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation
bing
// bingo : 2014-12-04 Binky Moon, LLC
bingo
// bio : 2014-03-06 Afilias plc
bio
// black : 2014-01-16 Afilias plc
black
// blackfriday : 2014-01-16 Uniregistry, Corp.
blackfriday
// blockbuster : 2015-07-30 Dish DBS Corporation
blockbuster
// blog : 2015-05-14 Knock Knock WHOIS There, LLC
blog
// bloomberg : 2014-07-17 Bloomberg IP Holdings LLC
bloomberg
// blue : 2013-11-07 Afilias plc
blue
// bms : 2014-10-30 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
bms
// bmw : 2014-01-09 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft
bmw
// bnl : 2014-07-24 Banca Nazionale del Lavoro
bnl
// bnpparibas : 2014-05-29 BNP Paribas
bnpparibas
// boats : 2014-12-04 DERBoats, LLC
boats
// boehringer : 2015-07-09 Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
boehringer
// bofa : 2015-07-31 Bank of America Corporation
bofa
// bom : 2014-10-16 Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
bom
// bond : 2014-06-05 Bond University Limited
bond
// boo : 2014-01-30 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
boo
// book : 2015-08-27 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
book
// booking : 2015-07-16 Booking.com B.V.
booking
// bosch : 2015-06-18 Robert Bosch GMBH
bosch
// bostik : 2015-05-28 Bostik SA
bostik
// boston : 2015-12-10 Boston TLD Management, LLC
boston
// bot : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
bot
// boutique : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC
boutique
// box : 2015-11-12 NS1 Limited
box
// bradesco : 2014-12-18 Banco Bradesco S.A.
bradesco
// bridgestone : 2014-12-18 Bridgestone Corporation
bridgestone
// broadway : 2014-12-22 Celebrate Broadway, Inc.
broadway
// broker : 2014-12-11 Dotbroker Registry Limited
broker
// brother : 2015-01-29 Brother Industries, Ltd.
brother
// brussels : 2014-02-06 DNS.be vzw
brussels
// budapest : 2013-11-21 Minds + Machines Group Limited
budapest
// bugatti : 2015-07-23 Bugatti International SA
bugatti
// build : 2013-11-07 Plan Bee LLC
build
// builders : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
builders
// business : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
business
// buy : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
buy
// buzz : 2013-10-02 DOTSTRATEGY CO.
buzz
// bzh : 2014-02-27 Association www.bzh
bzh
// cab : 2013-10-24 Binky Moon, LLC
cab
// cafe : 2015-02-11 Binky Moon, LLC
cafe
// cal : 2014-07-24 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
cal
// call : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
call
// calvinklein : 2015-07-30 PVH gTLD Holdings LLC
calvinklein
// cam : 2016-04-21 AC Webconnecting Holding B.V.
cam
// camera : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC
camera
// camp : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
camp
// cancerresearch : 2014-05-15 Australian Cancer Research Foundation
cancerresearch
// canon : 2014-09-12 Canon Inc.
canon
// capetown : 2014-03-24 ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry
capetown
// capital : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
capital
// capitalone : 2015-08-06 Capital One Financial Corporation
capitalone
// car : 2015-01-22 Cars Registry Limited
car
// caravan : 2013-12-12 Caravan International, Inc.
caravan
// cards : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
cards
// care : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
care
// career : 2013-10-09 dotCareer LLC
career
// careers : 2013-10-02 Binky Moon, LLC
careers
// cars : 2014-11-13 Cars Registry Limited
cars
// cartier : 2014-06-23 Richemont DNS Inc.
cartier
// casa : 2013-11-21 Minds + Machines Group Limited
casa
// case : 2015-09-03 CNH Industrial N.V.
case
// caseih : 2015-09-03 CNH Industrial N.V.
caseih
// cash : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
cash
// casino : 2014-12-18 Binky Moon, LLC
casino
// catering : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
catering
// catholic : 2015-10-21 Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)
catholic
// cba : 2014-06-26 COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA
cba
// cbn : 2014-08-22 The Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc.
cbn
// cbre : 2015-07-02 CBRE, Inc.
cbre
// cbs : 2015-08-06 CBS Domains Inc.
cbs
// ceb : 2015-04-09 The Corporate Executive Board Company
ceb
// center : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
center
// ceo : 2013-11-07 CEOTLD Pty Ltd
ceo
// cern : 2014-06-05 European Organization for Nuclear Research ("CERN")
cern
// cfa : 2014-08-28 CFA Institute
cfa
// cfd : 2014-12-11 DotCFD Registry Limited
cfd
// chanel : 2015-04-09 Chanel International B.V.
chanel
// channel : 2014-05-08 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
channel
// charity : 2018-04-11 Corn Lake, LLC
charity
// chase : 2015-04-30 JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association
chase
// chat : 2014-12-04 Binky Moon, LLC
chat
// cheap : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC
cheap
// chintai : 2015-06-11 CHINTAI Corporation
chintai
// christmas : 2013-11-21 Uniregistry, Corp.
christmas
// chrome : 2014-07-24 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
chrome
// chrysler : 2015-07-30 FCA US LLC.
chrysler
// church : 2014-02-06 Binky Moon, LLC
church
// cipriani : 2015-02-19 Hotel Cipriani Srl
cipriani
// circle : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
circle
// cisco : 2014-12-22 Cisco Technology, Inc.
cisco
// citadel : 2015-07-23 Citadel Domain LLC
citadel
// citi : 2015-07-30 Citigroup Inc.
citi
// citic : 2014-01-09 CITIC Group Corporation
citic
// city : 2014-05-29 Binky Moon, LLC
city
// cityeats : 2014-12-11 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
cityeats
// claims : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
claims
// cleaning : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
cleaning
// click : 2014-06-05 Uniregistry, Corp.
click
// clinic : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
clinic
// clinique : 2015-10-01 The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.
clinique
// clothing : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC
clothing
// cloud : 2015-04-16 Aruba PEC S.p.A.
cloud
// club : 2013-11-08 .CLUB DOMAINS, LLC
club
// clubmed : 2015-06-25 Club Méditerranée S.A.
clubmed
// coach : 2014-10-09 Binky Moon, LLC
coach
// codes : 2013-10-31 Binky Moon, LLC
codes
// coffee : 2013-10-17 Binky Moon, LLC
coffee
// college : 2014-01-16 XYZ.COM LLC
college
// cologne : 2014-02-05 punkt.wien GmbH
cologne
// comcast : 2015-07-23 Comcast IP Holdings I, LLC
comcast
// commbank : 2014-06-26 COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA
commbank
// community : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
community
// company : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
company
// compare : 2015-10-08 iSelect Ltd
compare
// computer : 2013-10-24 Binky Moon, LLC
computer
// comsec : 2015-01-08 VeriSign, Inc.
comsec
// condos : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
condos
// construction : 2013-09-16 Binky Moon, LLC
construction
// consulting : 2013-12-05 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
consulting
// contact : 2015-01-08 Top Level Spectrum, Inc.
contact
// contractors : 2013-09-10 Binky Moon, LLC
contractors
// cooking : 2013-11-21 Minds + Machines Group Limited
cooking
// cookingchannel : 2015-07-02 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
cookingchannel
// cool : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC
cool
// corsica : 2014-09-25 Collectivité de Corse
corsica
// country : 2013-12-19 DotCountry LLC
country
// coupon : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
coupon
// coupons : 2015-03-26 Binky Moon, LLC
coupons
// courses : 2014-12-04 OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD
courses
// credit : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
credit
// creditcard : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
creditcard
// creditunion : 2015-01-22 CUNA Performance Resources, LLC
creditunion
// cricket : 2014-10-09 dot Cricket Limited
cricket
// crown : 2014-10-24 Crown Equipment Corporation
crown
// crs : 2014-04-03 Federated Co-operatives Limited
crs
// cruise : 2015-12-10 Viking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd.
cruise
// cruises : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
cruises
// csc : 2014-09-25 Alliance-One Services, Inc.
csc
// cuisinella : 2014-04-03 SALM S.A.S.
cuisinella
// cymru : 2014-05-08 Nominet UK
cymru
// cyou : 2015-01-22 Beijing Gamease Age Digital Technology Co., Ltd.
cyou
// dabur : 2014-02-06 Dabur India Limited
dabur
// dad : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
dad
// dance : 2013-10-24 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
dance
// data : 2016-06-02 Dish DBS Corporation
data
// date : 2014-11-20 dot Date Limited
date
// dating : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
dating
// datsun : 2014-03-27 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
datsun
// day : 2014-01-30 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
day
// dclk : 2014-11-20 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
dclk
// dds : 2015-05-07 Minds + Machines Group Limited
dds
// deal : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
deal
// dealer : 2014-12-22 Dealer Dot Com, Inc.
dealer
// deals : 2014-05-22 Binky Moon, LLC
deals
// degree : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
degree
// delivery : 2014-09-11 Binky Moon, LLC
delivery
// dell : 2014-10-24 Dell Inc.
dell
// deloitte : 2015-07-31 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
deloitte
// delta : 2015-02-19 Delta Air Lines, Inc.
delta
// democrat : 2013-10-24 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
democrat
// dental : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
dental
// dentist : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
dentist
// desi : 2013-11-14 Desi Networks LLC
desi
// design : 2014-11-07 Top Level Design, LLC
design
// dev : 2014-10-16 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
dev
// dhl : 2015-07-23 Deutsche Post AG
dhl
// diamonds : 2013-09-22 Binky Moon, LLC
diamonds
// diet : 2014-06-26 Uniregistry, Corp.
diet
// digital : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
digital
// direct : 2014-04-10 Binky Moon, LLC
direct
// directory : 2013-09-20 Binky Moon, LLC
directory
// discount : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
discount
// discover : 2015-07-23 Discover Financial Services
discover
// dish : 2015-07-30 Dish DBS Corporation
dish
// diy : 2015-11-05 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
diy
// dnp : 2013-12-13 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.
dnp
// docs : 2014-10-16 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
docs
// doctor : 2016-06-02 Binky Moon, LLC
doctor
// dodge : 2015-07-30 FCA US LLC.
dodge
// dog : 2014-12-04 Binky Moon, LLC
dog
// doha : 2014-09-18 Communications Regulatory Authority (CRA)
doha
// domains : 2013-10-17 Binky Moon, LLC
domains
// dot : 2015-05-21 Dish DBS Corporation
dot
// download : 2014-11-20 dot Support Limited
download
// drive : 2015-03-05 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
drive
// dtv : 2015-06-04 Dish DBS Corporation
dtv
// dubai : 2015-01-01 Dubai Smart Government Department
dubai
// duck : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
duck
// dunlop : 2015-07-02 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
dunlop
// duns : 2015-08-06 The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation
duns
// dupont : 2015-06-25 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
dupont
// durban : 2014-03-24 ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry
durban
// dvag : 2014-06-23 Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
dvag
// dvr : 2016-05-26 Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation
dvr
// earth : 2014-12-04 Interlink Co., Ltd.
earth
// eat : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
eat
// eco : 2016-07-08 Big Room Inc.
eco
// edeka : 2014-12-18 EDEKA Verband kaufmännischer Genossenschaften e.V.
edeka
// education : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
education
// email : 2013-10-31 Binky Moon, LLC
email
// emerck : 2014-04-03 Merck KGaA
emerck
// energy : 2014-09-11 Binky Moon, LLC
energy
// engineer : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
engineer
// engineering : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
engineering
// enterprises : 2013-09-20 Binky Moon, LLC
enterprises
// epson : 2014-12-04 Seiko Epson Corporation
epson
// equipment : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC
equipment
// ericsson : 2015-07-09 Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson
ericsson
// erni : 2014-04-03 ERNI Group Holding AG
erni
// esq : 2014-05-08 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
esq
// estate : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC
estate
// esurance : 2015-07-23 Esurance Insurance Company
esurance
// etisalat : 2015-09-03 Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat)
etisalat
// eurovision : 2014-04-24 European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
eurovision
// eus : 2013-12-12 Puntueus Fundazioa
eus
// events : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
events
// everbank : 2014-05-15 EverBank
everbank
// exchange : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
exchange
// expert : 2013-11-21 Binky Moon, LLC
expert
// exposed : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
exposed
// express : 2015-02-11 Binky Moon, LLC
express
// extraspace : 2015-05-14 Extra Space Storage LLC
extraspace
// fage : 2014-12-18 Fage International S.A.
fage
// fail : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
fail
// fairwinds : 2014-11-13 FairWinds Partners, LLC
fairwinds
// faith : 2014-11-20 dot Faith Limited
faith
// family : 2015-04-02 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
family
// fan : 2014-03-06 Asiamix Digital Limited
fan
// fans : 2014-11-07 Asiamix Digital Limited
fans
// farm : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
farm
// farmers : 2015-07-09 Farmers Insurance Exchange
farmers
// fashion : 2014-07-03 Minds + Machines Group Limited
fashion
// fast : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
fast
// fedex : 2015-08-06 Federal Express Corporation
fedex
// feedback : 2013-12-19 Top Level Spectrum, Inc.
feedback
// ferrari : 2015-07-31 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
ferrari
// ferrero : 2014-12-18 Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
ferrero
// fiat : 2015-07-31 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
fiat
// fidelity : 2015-07-30 Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC
fidelity
// fido : 2015-08-06 Rogers Communications Canada Inc.
fido
// film : 2015-01-08 Motion Picture Domain Registry Pty Ltd
film
// final : 2014-10-16 Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
final
// finance : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
finance
// financial : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
financial
// fire : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
fire
// firestone : 2014-12-18 Bridgestone Licensing Services, Inc
firestone
// firmdale : 2014-03-27 Firmdale Holdings Limited
firmdale
// fish : 2013-12-12 Binky Moon, LLC
fish
// fishing : 2013-11-21 Minds + Machines Group Limited
fishing
// fit : 2014-11-07 Minds + Machines Group Limited
fit
// fitness : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
fitness
// flickr : 2015-04-02 Yahoo! Domain Services Inc.
flickr
// flights : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
flights
// flir : 2015-07-23 FLIR Systems, Inc.
flir
// florist : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
florist
// flowers : 2014-10-09 Uniregistry, Corp.
flowers
// fly : 2014-05-08 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
fly
// foo : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
foo
// food : 2016-04-21 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
food
// foodnetwork : 2015-07-02 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
foodnetwork
// football : 2014-12-18 Binky Moon, LLC
football
// ford : 2014-11-13 Ford Motor Company
ford
// forex : 2014-12-11 Dotforex Registry Limited
forex
// forsale : 2014-05-22 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
forsale
// forum : 2015-04-02 Fegistry, LLC
forum
// foundation : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
foundation
// fox : 2015-09-11 FOX Registry, LLC
fox
// free : 2015-12-10 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
free
// fresenius : 2015-07-30 Fresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH
fresenius
// frl : 2014-05-15 FRLregistry B.V.
frl
// frogans : 2013-12-19 OP3FT
frogans
// frontdoor : 2015-07-02 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
frontdoor
// frontier : 2015-02-05 Frontier Communications Corporation
frontier
// ftr : 2015-07-16 Frontier Communications Corporation
ftr
// fujitsu : 2015-07-30 Fujitsu Limited
fujitsu
// fujixerox : 2015-07-23 Xerox DNHC LLC
fujixerox
// fun : 2016-01-14 DotSpace Inc.
fun
// fund : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
fund
// furniture : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
furniture
// futbol : 2013-09-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
futbol
// fyi : 2015-04-02 Binky Moon, LLC
fyi
// gal : 2013-11-07 Asociación puntoGAL
gal
// gallery : 2013-09-13 Binky Moon, LLC
gallery
// gallo : 2015-06-11 Gallo Vineyards, Inc.
gallo
// gallup : 2015-02-19 Gallup, Inc.
gallup
// game : 2015-05-28 Uniregistry, Corp.
game
// games : 2015-05-28 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
games
// gap : 2015-07-31 The Gap, Inc.
gap
// garden : 2014-06-26 Minds + Machines Group Limited
garden
// gbiz : 2014-07-17 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
gbiz
// gdn : 2014-07-31 Joint Stock Company "Navigation-information systems"
gdn
// gea : 2014-12-04 GEA Group Aktiengesellschaft
gea
// gent : 2014-01-23 COMBELL NV
gent
// genting : 2015-03-12 Resorts World Inc Pte. Ltd.
genting
// george : 2015-07-31 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
george
// ggee : 2014-01-09 GMO Internet, Inc.
ggee
// gift : 2013-10-17 DotGift, LLC
gift
// gifts : 2014-07-03 Binky Moon, LLC
gifts
// gives : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
gives
// giving : 2014-11-13 Giving Limited
giving
// glade : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
glade
// glass : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
glass
// gle : 2014-07-24 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
gle
// global : 2014-04-17 Dot Global Domain Registry Limited
global
// globo : 2013-12-19 Globo Comunicação e Participações S.A
globo
// gmail : 2014-05-01 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
gmail
// gmbh : 2016-01-29 Binky Moon, LLC
gmbh
// gmo : 2014-01-09 GMO Internet Pte. Ltd.
gmo
// gmx : 2014-04-24 1&1 Mail & Media GmbH
gmx
// godaddy : 2015-07-23 Go Daddy East, LLC
godaddy
// gold : 2015-01-22 Binky Moon, LLC
gold
// goldpoint : 2014-11-20 YODOBASHI CAMERA CO.,LTD.
goldpoint
// golf : 2014-12-18 Binky Moon, LLC
golf
// goo : 2014-12-18 NTT Resonant Inc.
goo
// goodyear : 2015-07-02 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
goodyear
// goog : 2014-11-20 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
goog
// google : 2014-07-24 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
google
// gop : 2014-01-16 Republican State Leadership Committee, Inc.
gop
// got : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
got
// grainger : 2015-05-07 Grainger Registry Services, LLC
grainger
// graphics : 2013-09-13 Binky Moon, LLC
graphics
// gratis : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
gratis
// green : 2014-05-08 Afilias plc
green
// gripe : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
gripe
// grocery : 2016-06-16 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
grocery
// group : 2014-08-15 Binky Moon, LLC
group
// guardian : 2015-07-30 The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America
guardian
// gucci : 2014-11-13 Guccio Gucci S.p.a.
gucci
// guge : 2014-08-28 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
guge
// guide : 2013-09-13 Binky Moon, LLC
guide
// guitars : 2013-11-14 Uniregistry, Corp.
guitars
// guru : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC
guru
// hair : 2015-12-03 L'Oréal
hair
// hamburg : 2014-02-20 Hamburg Top-Level-Domain GmbH
hamburg
// hangout : 2014-11-13 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
hangout
// haus : 2013-12-05 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
haus
// hbo : 2015-07-30 HBO Registry Services, Inc.
hbo
// hdfc : 2015-07-30 HOUSING DEVELOPMENT FINANCE CORPORATION LIMITED
hdfc
// hdfcbank : 2015-02-12 HDFC Bank Limited
hdfcbank
// health : 2015-02-11 DotHealth, LLC
health
// healthcare : 2014-06-12 Binky Moon, LLC
healthcare
// help : 2014-06-26 Uniregistry, Corp.
help
// helsinki : 2015-02-05 City of Helsinki
helsinki
// here : 2014-02-06 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
here
// hermes : 2014-07-10 HERMES INTERNATIONAL
hermes
// hgtv : 2015-07-02 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
hgtv
// hiphop : 2014-03-06 Uniregistry, Corp.
hiphop
// hisamitsu : 2015-07-16 Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co.,Inc.
hisamitsu
// hitachi : 2014-10-31 Hitachi, Ltd.
hitachi
// hiv : 2014-03-13 Uniregistry, Corp.
hiv
// hkt : 2015-05-14 PCCW-HKT DataCom Services Limited
hkt
// hockey : 2015-03-19 Binky Moon, LLC
hockey
// holdings : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC
holdings
// holiday : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
holiday
// homedepot : 2015-04-02 Home Depot Product Authority, LLC
homedepot
// homegoods : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc.
homegoods
// homes : 2014-01-09 DERHomes, LLC
homes
// homesense : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc.
homesense
// honda : 2014-12-18 Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
honda
// honeywell : 2015-07-23 Honeywell GTLD LLC
honeywell
// horse : 2013-11-21 Minds + Machines Group Limited
horse
// hospital : 2016-10-20 Binky Moon, LLC
hospital
// host : 2014-04-17 DotHost Inc.
host
// hosting : 2014-05-29 Uniregistry, Corp.
hosting
// hot : 2015-08-27 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
hot
// hoteles : 2015-03-05 Travel Reservations SRL
hoteles
// hotels : 2016-04-07 Booking.com B.V.
hotels
// hotmail : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation
hotmail
// house : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
house
// how : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
how
// hsbc : 2014-10-24 HSBC Global Services (UK) Limited
hsbc
// hughes : 2015-07-30 Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation
hughes
// hyatt : 2015-07-30 Hyatt GTLD, L.L.C.
hyatt
// hyundai : 2015-07-09 Hyundai Motor Company
hyundai
// ibm : 2014-07-31 International Business Machines Corporation
ibm
// icbc : 2015-02-19 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited
icbc
// ice : 2014-10-30 IntercontinentalExchange, Inc.
ice
// icu : 2015-01-08 ShortDot SA
icu
// ieee : 2015-07-23 IEEE Global LLC
ieee
// ifm : 2014-01-30 ifm electronic gmbh
ifm
// ikano : 2015-07-09 Ikano S.A.
ikano
// imamat : 2015-08-06 Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation)
imamat
// imdb : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
imdb
// immo : 2014-07-10 Binky Moon, LLC
immo
// immobilien : 2013-11-07 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
immobilien
// inc : 2018-03-10 GTLD Limited
inc
// industries : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
industries
// infiniti : 2014-03-27 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
infiniti
// ing : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
ing
// ink : 2013-12-05 Top Level Design, LLC
ink
// institute : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
institute
// insurance : 2015-02-19 fTLD Registry Services LLC
insurance
// insure : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
insure
// intel : 2015-08-06 Intel Corporation
intel
// international : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
international
// intuit : 2015-07-30 Intuit Administrative Services, Inc.
intuit
// investments : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
investments
// ipiranga : 2014-08-28 Ipiranga Produtos de Petroleo S.A.
ipiranga
// irish : 2014-08-07 Binky Moon, LLC
irish
// iselect : 2015-02-11 iSelect Ltd
iselect
// ismaili : 2015-08-06 Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation)
ismaili
// ist : 2014-08-28 Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
ist
// istanbul : 2014-08-28 Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
istanbul
// itau : 2014-10-02 Itau Unibanco Holding S.A.
itau
// itv : 2015-07-09 ITV Services Limited
itv
// iveco : 2015-09-03 CNH Industrial N.V.
iveco
// jaguar : 2014-11-13 Jaguar Land Rover Ltd
jaguar
// java : 2014-06-19 Oracle Corporation
java
// jcb : 2014-11-20 JCB Co., Ltd.
jcb
// jcp : 2015-04-23 JCP Media, Inc.
jcp
// jeep : 2015-07-30 FCA US LLC.
jeep
// jetzt : 2014-01-09 Binky Moon, LLC
jetzt
// jewelry : 2015-03-05 Binky Moon, LLC
jewelry
// jio : 2015-04-02 Reliance Industries Limited
jio
// jll : 2015-04-02 Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated
jll
// jmp : 2015-03-26 Matrix IP LLC
jmp
// jnj : 2015-06-18 Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.
jnj
// joburg : 2014-03-24 ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry
joburg
// jot : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
jot
// joy : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
joy
// jpmorgan : 2015-04-30 JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association
jpmorgan
// jprs : 2014-09-18 Japan Registry Services Co., Ltd.
jprs
// juegos : 2014-03-20 Uniregistry, Corp.
juegos
// juniper : 2015-07-30 JUNIPER NETWORKS, INC.
juniper
// kaufen : 2013-11-07 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
kaufen
// kddi : 2014-09-12 KDDI CORPORATION
kddi
// kerryhotels : 2015-04-30 Kerry Trading Co. Limited
kerryhotels
// kerrylogistics : 2015-04-09 Kerry Trading Co. Limited
kerrylogistics
// kerryproperties : 2015-04-09 Kerry Trading Co. Limited
kerryproperties
// kfh : 2014-12-04 Kuwait Finance House
kfh
// kia : 2015-07-09 KIA MOTORS CORPORATION
kia
// kim : 2013-09-23 Afilias plc
kim
// kinder : 2014-11-07 Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
kinder
// kindle : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
kindle
// kitchen : 2013-09-20 Binky Moon, LLC
kitchen
// kiwi : 2013-09-20 DOT KIWI LIMITED
kiwi
// koeln : 2014-01-09 punkt.wien GmbH
koeln
// komatsu : 2015-01-08 Komatsu Ltd.
komatsu
// kosher : 2015-08-20 Kosher Marketing Assets LLC
kosher
// kpmg : 2015-04-23 KPMG International Cooperative (KPMG International Genossenschaft)
kpmg
// kpn : 2015-01-08 Koninklijke KPN N.V.
kpn
// krd : 2013-12-05 KRG Department of Information Technology
krd
// kred : 2013-12-19 KredTLD Pty Ltd
kred
// kuokgroup : 2015-04-09 Kerry Trading Co. Limited
kuokgroup
// kyoto : 2014-11-07 Academic Institution: Kyoto Jyoho Gakuen
kyoto
// lacaixa : 2014-01-09 Fundación Bancaria Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona, “la Caixa”
lacaixa
// ladbrokes : 2015-08-06 LADBROKES INTERNATIONAL PLC
ladbrokes
// lamborghini : 2015-06-04 Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.
lamborghini
// lamer : 2015-10-01 The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.
lamer
// lancaster : 2015-02-12 LANCASTER
lancaster
// lancia : 2015-07-31 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
lancia
// lancome : 2015-07-23 L'Oréal
lancome
// land : 2013-09-10 Binky Moon, LLC
land
// landrover : 2014-11-13 Jaguar Land Rover Ltd
landrover
// lanxess : 2015-07-30 LANXESS Corporation
lanxess
// lasalle : 2015-04-02 Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated
lasalle
// lat : 2014-10-16 ECOM-LAC Federaciòn de Latinoamèrica y el Caribe para Internet y el Comercio Electrònico
lat
// latino : 2015-07-30 Dish DBS Corporation
latino
// latrobe : 2014-06-16 La Trobe University
latrobe
// law : 2015-01-22 Minds + Machines Group Limited
law
// lawyer : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
lawyer
// lds : 2014-03-20 IRI Domain Management, LLC ("Applicant")
lds
// lease : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
lease
// leclerc : 2014-08-07 A.C.D. LEC Association des Centres Distributeurs Edouard Leclerc
leclerc
// lefrak : 2015-07-16 LeFrak Organization, Inc.
lefrak
// legal : 2014-10-16 Binky Moon, LLC
legal
// lego : 2015-07-16 LEGO Juris A/S
lego
// lexus : 2015-04-23 TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
lexus
// lgbt : 2014-05-08 Afilias plc
lgbt
// liaison : 2014-10-02 Liaison Technologies, Incorporated
liaison
// lidl : 2014-09-18 Schwarz Domains und Services GmbH & Co. KG
lidl
// life : 2014-02-06 Binky Moon, LLC
life
// lifeinsurance : 2015-01-15 American Council of Life Insurers
lifeinsurance
// lifestyle : 2014-12-11 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
lifestyle
// lighting : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC
lighting
// like : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
like
// lilly : 2015-07-31 Eli Lilly and Company
lilly
// limited : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
limited
// limo : 2013-10-17 Binky Moon, LLC
limo
// lincoln : 2014-11-13 Ford Motor Company
lincoln
// linde : 2014-12-04 Linde Aktiengesellschaft
linde
// link : 2013-11-14 Uniregistry, Corp.
link
// lipsy : 2015-06-25 Lipsy Ltd
lipsy
// live : 2014-12-04 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
live
// living : 2015-07-30 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
living
// lixil : 2015-03-19 LIXIL Group Corporation
lixil
// llc : 2017-12-14 Afilias plc
llc
// loan : 2014-11-20 dot Loan Limited
loan
// loans : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
loans
// locker : 2015-06-04 Dish DBS Corporation
locker
// locus : 2015-06-25 Locus Analytics LLC
locus
// loft : 2015-07-30 Annco, Inc.
loft
// lol : 2015-01-30 Uniregistry, Corp.
lol
// london : 2013-11-14 Dot London Domains Limited
london
// lotte : 2014-11-07 Lotte Holdings Co., Ltd.
lotte
// lotto : 2014-04-10 Afilias plc
lotto
// love : 2014-12-22 Merchant Law Group LLP
love
// lpl : 2015-07-30 LPL Holdings, Inc.
lpl
// lplfinancial : 2015-07-30 LPL Holdings, Inc.
lplfinancial
// ltd : 2014-09-25 Binky Moon, LLC
ltd
// ltda : 2014-04-17 InterNetX, Corp
ltda
// lundbeck : 2015-08-06 H. Lundbeck A/S
lundbeck
// lupin : 2014-11-07 LUPIN LIMITED
lupin
// luxe : 2014-01-09 Minds + Machines Group Limited
luxe
// luxury : 2013-10-17 Luxury Partners, LLC
luxury
// macys : 2015-07-31 Macys, Inc.
macys
// madrid : 2014-05-01 Comunidad de Madrid
madrid
// maif : 2014-10-02 Mutuelle Assurance Instituteur France (MAIF)
maif
// maison : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
maison
// makeup : 2015-01-15 L'Oréal
makeup
// man : 2014-12-04 MAN SE
man
// management : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
management
// mango : 2013-10-24 PUNTO FA S.L.
mango
// map : 2016-06-09 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
map
// market : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
market
// marketing : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
marketing
// markets : 2014-12-11 Dotmarkets Registry Limited
markets
// marriott : 2014-10-09 Marriott Worldwide Corporation
marriott
// marshalls : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc.
marshalls
// maserati : 2015-07-31 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
maserati
// mattel : 2015-08-06 Mattel Sites, Inc.
mattel
// mba : 2015-04-02 Binky Moon, LLC
mba
// mckinsey : 2015-07-31 McKinsey Holdings, Inc.
mckinsey
// med : 2015-08-06 Medistry LLC
med
// media : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
media
// meet : 2014-01-16 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
meet
// melbourne : 2014-05-29 The Crown in right of the State of Victoria, represented by its Department of State Development, Business and Innovation
melbourne
// meme : 2014-01-30 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
meme
// memorial : 2014-10-16 Dog Beach, LLC
memorial
// men : 2015-02-26 Exclusive Registry Limited
men
// menu : 2013-09-11 Wedding TLD2, LLC
menu
// merckmsd : 2016-07-14 MSD Registry Holdings, Inc.
merckmsd
// metlife : 2015-05-07 MetLife Services and Solutions, LLC
metlife
// miami : 2013-12-19 Minds + Machines Group Limited
miami
// microsoft : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation
microsoft
// mini : 2014-01-09 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft
mini
// mint : 2015-07-30 Intuit Administrative Services, Inc.
mint
// mit : 2015-07-02 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
mit
// mitsubishi : 2015-07-23 Mitsubishi Corporation
mitsubishi
// mlb : 2015-05-21 MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC
mlb
// mls : 2015-04-23 The Canadian Real Estate Association
mls
// mma : 2014-11-07 MMA IARD
mma
// mobile : 2016-06-02 Dish DBS Corporation
mobile
// mobily : 2014-12-18 GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.
mobily
// moda : 2013-11-07 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
moda
// moe : 2013-11-13 Interlink Co., Ltd.
moe
// moi : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
moi
// mom : 2015-04-16 Uniregistry, Corp.
mom
// monash : 2013-09-30 Monash University
monash
// money : 2014-10-16 Binky Moon, LLC
money
// monster : 2015-09-11 Monster Worldwide, Inc.
monster
// mopar : 2015-07-30 FCA US LLC.
mopar
// mormon : 2013-12-05 IRI Domain Management, LLC ("Applicant")
mormon
// mortgage : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
mortgage
// moscow : 2013-12-19 Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development (FAITID)
moscow
// moto : 2015-06-04 Motorola Trademark Holdings, LLC
moto
// motorcycles : 2014-01-09 DERMotorcycles, LLC
motorcycles
// mov : 2014-01-30 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
mov
// movie : 2015-02-05 Binky Moon, LLC
movie
// movistar : 2014-10-16 Telefónica S.A.
movistar
// msd : 2015-07-23 MSD Registry Holdings, Inc.
msd
// mtn : 2014-12-04 MTN Dubai Limited
mtn
// mtr : 2015-03-12 MTR Corporation Limited
mtr
// mutual : 2015-04-02 Northwestern Mutual MU TLD Registry, LLC
mutual
// nab : 2015-08-20 National Australia Bank Limited
nab
// nadex : 2014-12-11 Nadex Domains, Inc.
nadex
// nagoya : 2013-10-24 GMO Registry, Inc.
nagoya
// nationwide : 2015-07-23 Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company
nationwide
// natura : 2015-03-12 NATURA COSMÉTICOS S.A.
natura
// navy : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
navy
// nba : 2015-07-31 NBA REGISTRY, LLC
nba
// nec : 2015-01-08 NEC Corporation
nec
// netbank : 2014-06-26 COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA
netbank
// netflix : 2015-06-18 Netflix, Inc.
netflix
// network : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC
network
// neustar : 2013-12-05 Registry Services, LLC
neustar
// new : 2014-01-30 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
new
// newholland : 2015-09-03 CNH Industrial N.V.
newholland
// news : 2014-12-18 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
news
// next : 2015-06-18 Next plc
next
// nextdirect : 2015-06-18 Next plc
nextdirect
// nexus : 2014-07-24 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
nexus
// nfl : 2015-07-23 NFL Reg Ops LLC
nfl
// ngo : 2014-03-06 Public Interest Registry
ngo
// nhk : 2014-02-13 Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK)
nhk
// nico : 2014-12-04 DWANGO Co., Ltd.
nico
// nike : 2015-07-23 NIKE, Inc.
nike
// nikon : 2015-05-21 NIKON CORPORATION
nikon
// ninja : 2013-11-07 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
ninja
// nissan : 2014-03-27 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
nissan
// nissay : 2015-10-29 Nippon Life Insurance Company
nissay
// nokia : 2015-01-08 Nokia Corporation
nokia
// northwesternmutual : 2015-06-18 Northwestern Mutual Registry, LLC
northwesternmutual
// norton : 2014-12-04 Symantec Corporation
norton
// now : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
now
// nowruz : 2014-09-04 Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
nowruz
// nowtv : 2015-05-14 Starbucks (HK) Limited
nowtv
// nra : 2014-05-22 NRA Holdings Company, INC.
nra
// nrw : 2013-11-21 Minds + Machines GmbH
nrw
// ntt : 2014-10-31 NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION
ntt
// nyc : 2014-01-23 The City of New York by and through the New York City Department of Information Technology & Telecommunications
nyc
// obi : 2014-09-25 OBI Group Holding SE & Co. KGaA
obi
// observer : 2015-04-30 Top Level Spectrum, Inc.
observer
// off : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
off
// office : 2015-03-12 Microsoft Corporation
office
// okinawa : 2013-12-05 BRregistry, Inc.
okinawa
// olayan : 2015-05-14 Crescent Holding GmbH
olayan
// olayangroup : 2015-05-14 Crescent Holding GmbH
olayangroup
// oldnavy : 2015-07-31 The Gap, Inc.
oldnavy
// ollo : 2015-06-04 Dish DBS Corporation
ollo
// omega : 2015-01-08 The Swatch Group Ltd
omega
// one : 2014-11-07 One.com A/S
one
// ong : 2014-03-06 Public Interest Registry
ong
// onl : 2013-09-16 I-Registry Ltd.
onl
// online : 2015-01-15 DotOnline Inc.
online
// onyourside : 2015-07-23 Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company
onyourside
// ooo : 2014-01-09 INFIBEAM INCORPORATION LIMITED
ooo
// open : 2015-07-31 American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.
open
// oracle : 2014-06-19 Oracle Corporation
oracle
// orange : 2015-03-12 Orange Brand Services Limited
orange
// organic : 2014-03-27 Afilias plc
organic
// origins : 2015-10-01 The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.
origins
// osaka : 2014-09-04 Osaka Registry Co., Ltd.
osaka
// otsuka : 2013-10-11 Otsuka Holdings Co., Ltd.
otsuka
// ott : 2015-06-04 Dish DBS Corporation
ott
// ovh : 2014-01-16 OVH SAS
ovh
// page : 2014-12-04 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
page
// panasonic : 2015-07-30 Panasonic Corporation
panasonic
// paris : 2014-01-30 City of Paris
paris
// pars : 2014-09-04 Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
pars
// partners : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
partners
// parts : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
parts
// party : 2014-09-11 Blue Sky Registry Limited
party
// passagens : 2015-03-05 Travel Reservations SRL
passagens
// pay : 2015-08-27 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
pay
// pccw : 2015-05-14 PCCW Enterprises Limited
pccw
// pet : 2015-05-07 Afilias plc
pet
// pfizer : 2015-09-11 Pfizer Inc.
pfizer
// pharmacy : 2014-06-19 National Association of Boards of Pharmacy
pharmacy
// phd : 2016-07-28 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
phd
// philips : 2014-11-07 Koninklijke Philips N.V.
philips
// phone : 2016-06-02 Dish DBS Corporation
phone
// photo : 2013-11-14 Uniregistry, Corp.
photo
// photography : 2013-09-20 Binky Moon, LLC
photography
// photos : 2013-10-17 Binky Moon, LLC
photos
// physio : 2014-05-01 PhysBiz Pty Ltd
physio
// piaget : 2014-10-16 Richemont DNS Inc.
piaget
// pics : 2013-11-14 Uniregistry, Corp.
pics
// pictet : 2014-06-26 Pictet Europe S.A.
pictet
// pictures : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
pictures
// pid : 2015-01-08 Top Level Spectrum, Inc.
pid
// pin : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
pin
// ping : 2015-06-11 Ping Registry Provider, Inc.
ping
// pink : 2013-10-01 Afilias plc
pink
// pioneer : 2015-07-16 Pioneer Corporation
pioneer
// pizza : 2014-06-26 Binky Moon, LLC
pizza
// place : 2014-04-24 Binky Moon, LLC
place
// play : 2015-03-05 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
play
// playstation : 2015-07-02 Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.
playstation
// plumbing : 2013-09-10 Binky Moon, LLC
plumbing
// plus : 2015-02-05 Binky Moon, LLC
plus
// pnc : 2015-07-02 PNC Domain Co., LLC
pnc
// pohl : 2014-06-23 Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
pohl
// poker : 2014-07-03 Afilias plc
poker
// politie : 2015-08-20 Politie Nederland
politie
// porn : 2014-10-16 ICM Registry PN LLC
porn
// pramerica : 2015-07-30 Prudential Financial, Inc.
pramerica
// praxi : 2013-12-05 Praxi S.p.A.
praxi
// press : 2014-04-03 DotPress Inc.
press
// prime : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
prime
// prod : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
prod
// productions : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
productions
// prof : 2014-07-24 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
prof
// progressive : 2015-07-23 Progressive Casualty Insurance Company
progressive
// promo : 2014-12-18 Afilias plc
promo
// properties : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
properties
// property : 2014-05-22 Uniregistry, Corp.
property
// protection : 2015-04-23 XYZ.COM LLC
protection
// pru : 2015-07-30 Prudential Financial, Inc.
pru
// prudential : 2015-07-30 Prudential Financial, Inc.
prudential
// pub : 2013-12-12 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
pub
// pwc : 2015-10-29 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
pwc
// qpon : 2013-11-14 dotCOOL, Inc.
qpon
// quebec : 2013-12-19 PointQuébec Inc
quebec
// quest : 2015-03-26 Quest ION Limited
quest
// qvc : 2015-07-30 QVC, Inc.
qvc
// racing : 2014-12-04 Premier Registry Limited
racing
// radio : 2016-07-21 European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
radio
// raid : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
raid
// read : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
read
// realestate : 2015-09-11 dotRealEstate LLC
realestate
// realtor : 2014-05-29 Real Estate Domains LLC
realtor
// realty : 2015-03-19 Fegistry, LLC
realty
// recipes : 2013-10-17 Binky Moon, LLC
recipes
// red : 2013-11-07 Afilias plc
red
// redstone : 2014-10-31 Redstone Haute Couture Co., Ltd.
redstone
// redumbrella : 2015-03-26 Travelers TLD, LLC
redumbrella
// rehab : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
rehab
// reise : 2014-03-13 Binky Moon, LLC
reise
// reisen : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
reisen
// reit : 2014-09-04 National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Inc.
reit
// reliance : 2015-04-02 Reliance Industries Limited
reliance
// ren : 2013-12-12 Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co., Ltd.
ren
// rent : 2014-12-04 XYZ.COM LLC
rent
// rentals : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
rentals
// repair : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
repair
// report : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
report
// republican : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
republican
// rest : 2013-12-19 Punto 2012 Sociedad Anonima Promotora de Inversion de Capital Variable
rest
// restaurant : 2014-07-03 Binky Moon, LLC
restaurant
// review : 2014-11-20 dot Review Limited
review
// reviews : 2013-09-13 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
reviews
// rexroth : 2015-06-18 Robert Bosch GMBH
rexroth
// rich : 2013-11-21 I-Registry Ltd.
rich
// richardli : 2015-05-14 Pacific Century Asset Management (HK) Limited
richardli
// ricoh : 2014-11-20 Ricoh Company, Ltd.
ricoh
// rightathome : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
rightathome
// ril : 2015-04-02 Reliance Industries Limited
ril
// rio : 2014-02-27 Empresa Municipal de Informática SA - IPLANRIO
rio
// rip : 2014-07-10 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
rip
// rmit : 2015-11-19 Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
rmit
// rocher : 2014-12-18 Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
rocher
// rocks : 2013-11-14 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
rocks
// rodeo : 2013-12-19 Minds + Machines Group Limited
rodeo
// rogers : 2015-08-06 Rogers Communications Canada Inc.
rogers
// room : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
room
// rsvp : 2014-05-08 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
rsvp
// rugby : 2016-12-15 World Rugby Strategic Developments Limited
rugby
// ruhr : 2013-10-02 regiodot GmbH & Co. KG
ruhr
// run : 2015-03-19 Binky Moon, LLC
run
// rwe : 2015-04-02 RWE AG
rwe
// ryukyu : 2014-01-09 BRregistry, Inc.
ryukyu
// saarland : 2013-12-12 dotSaarland GmbH
saarland
// safe : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
safe
// safety : 2015-01-08 Safety Registry Services, LLC.
safety
// sakura : 2014-12-18 SAKURA Internet Inc.
sakura
// sale : 2014-10-16 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
sale
// salon : 2014-12-11 Binky Moon, LLC
salon
// samsclub : 2015-07-31 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
samsclub
// samsung : 2014-04-03 SAMSUNG SDS CO., LTD
samsung
// sandvik : 2014-11-13 Sandvik AB
sandvik
// sandvikcoromant : 2014-11-07 Sandvik AB
sandvikcoromant
// sanofi : 2014-10-09 Sanofi
sanofi
// sap : 2014-03-27 SAP AG
sap
// sarl : 2014-07-03 Binky Moon, LLC
sarl
// sas : 2015-04-02 Research IP LLC
sas
// save : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
save
// saxo : 2014-10-31 Saxo Bank A/S
saxo
// sbi : 2015-03-12 STATE BANK OF INDIA
sbi
// sbs : 2014-11-07 SPECIAL BROADCASTING SERVICE CORPORATION
sbs
// sca : 2014-03-13 SVENSKA CELLULOSA AKTIEBOLAGET SCA (publ)
sca
// scb : 2014-02-20 The Siam Commercial Bank Public Company Limited ("SCB")
scb
// schaeffler : 2015-08-06 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG
schaeffler
// schmidt : 2014-04-03 SALM S.A.S.
schmidt
// scholarships : 2014-04-24 Scholarships.com, LLC
scholarships
// school : 2014-12-18 Binky Moon, LLC
school
// schule : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
schule
// schwarz : 2014-09-18 Schwarz Domains und Services GmbH & Co. KG
schwarz
// science : 2014-09-11 dot Science Limited
science
// scjohnson : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc.
scjohnson
// scor : 2014-10-31 SCOR SE
scor
// scot : 2014-01-23 Dot Scot Registry Limited
scot
// search : 2016-06-09 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
search
// seat : 2014-05-22 SEAT, S.A. (Sociedad Unipersonal)
seat
// secure : 2015-08-27 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
secure
// security : 2015-05-14 XYZ.COM LLC
security
// seek : 2014-12-04 Seek Limited
seek
// select : 2015-10-08 iSelect Ltd
select
// sener : 2014-10-24 Sener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A.
sener
// services : 2014-02-27 Binky Moon, LLC
services
// ses : 2015-07-23 SES
ses
// seven : 2015-08-06 Seven West Media Ltd
seven
// sew : 2014-07-17 SEW-EURODRIVE GmbH & Co KG
sew
// sex : 2014-11-13 ICM Registry SX LLC
sex
// sexy : 2013-09-11 Uniregistry, Corp.
sexy
// sfr : 2015-08-13 Societe Francaise du Radiotelephone - SFR
sfr
// shangrila : 2015-09-03 Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited
shangrila
// sharp : 2014-05-01 Sharp Corporation
sharp
// shaw : 2015-04-23 Shaw Cablesystems G.P.
shaw
// shell : 2015-07-30 Shell Information Technology International Inc
shell
// shia : 2014-09-04 Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
shia
// shiksha : 2013-11-14 Afilias plc
shiksha
// shoes : 2013-10-02 Binky Moon, LLC
shoes
// shop : 2016-04-08 GMO Registry, Inc.
shop
// shopping : 2016-03-31 Binky Moon, LLC
shopping
// shouji : 2015-01-08 QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
shouji
// show : 2015-03-05 Binky Moon, LLC
show
// showtime : 2015-08-06 CBS Domains Inc.
showtime
// shriram : 2014-01-23 Shriram Capital Ltd.
shriram
// silk : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
silk
// sina : 2015-03-12 Sina Corporation
sina
// singles : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC
singles
// site : 2015-01-15 DotSite Inc.
site
// ski : 2015-04-09 Afilias plc
ski
// skin : 2015-01-15 L'Oréal
skin
// sky : 2014-06-19 Sky International AG
sky
// skype : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation
skype
// sling : 2015-07-30 Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation
sling
// smart : 2015-07-09 Smart Communications, Inc. (SMART)
smart
// smile : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
smile
// sncf : 2015-02-19 Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Francais S N C F
sncf
// soccer : 2015-03-26 Binky Moon, LLC
soccer
// social : 2013-11-07 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
social
// softbank : 2015-07-02 SoftBank Corp.
softbank
// software : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
software
// sohu : 2013-12-19 Sohu.com Limited
sohu
// solar : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
solar
// solutions : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
solutions
// song : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
song
// sony : 2015-01-08 Sony Corporation
sony
// soy : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
soy
// space : 2014-04-03 DotSpace Inc.
space
// sport : 2017-11-16 Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF)
sport
// spot : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
spot
// spreadbetting : 2014-12-11 Dotspreadbetting Registry Limited
spreadbetting
// srl : 2015-05-07 InterNetX, Corp
srl
// srt : 2015-07-30 FCA US LLC.
srt
// stada : 2014-11-13 STADA Arzneimittel AG
stada
// staples : 2015-07-30 Staples, Inc.
staples
// star : 2015-01-08 Star India Private Limited
star
// starhub : 2015-02-05 StarHub Ltd
starhub
// statebank : 2015-03-12 STATE BANK OF INDIA
statebank
// statefarm : 2015-07-30 State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company
statefarm
// stc : 2014-10-09 Saudi Telecom Company
stc
// stcgroup : 2014-10-09 Saudi Telecom Company
stcgroup
// stockholm : 2014-12-18 Stockholms kommun
stockholm
// storage : 2014-12-22 XYZ.COM LLC
storage
// store : 2015-04-09 DotStore Inc.
store
// stream : 2016-01-08 dot Stream Limited
stream
// studio : 2015-02-11 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
studio
// study : 2014-12-11 OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD
study
// style : 2014-12-04 Binky Moon, LLC
style
// sucks : 2014-12-22 Vox Populi Registry Ltd.
sucks
// supplies : 2013-12-19 Binky Moon, LLC
supplies
// supply : 2013-12-19 Binky Moon, LLC
supply
// support : 2013-10-24 Binky Moon, LLC
support
// surf : 2014-01-09 Minds + Machines Group Limited
surf
// surgery : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
surgery
// suzuki : 2014-02-20 SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION
suzuki
// swatch : 2015-01-08 The Swatch Group Ltd
swatch
// swiftcover : 2015-07-23 Swiftcover Insurance Services Limited
swiftcover
// swiss : 2014-10-16 Swiss Confederation
swiss
// sydney : 2014-09-18 State of New South Wales, Department of Premier and Cabinet
sydney
// symantec : 2014-12-04 Symantec Corporation
symantec
// systems : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
systems
// tab : 2014-12-04 Tabcorp Holdings Limited
tab
// taipei : 2014-07-10 Taipei City Government
taipei
// talk : 2015-04-09 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
talk
// taobao : 2015-01-15 Alibaba Group Holding Limited
taobao
// target : 2015-07-31 Target Domain Holdings, LLC
target
// tatamotors : 2015-03-12 Tata Motors Ltd
tatamotors
// tatar : 2014-04-24 Limited Liability Company "Coordination Center of Regional Domain of Tatarstan Republic"
tatar
// tattoo : 2013-08-30 Uniregistry, Corp.
tattoo
// tax : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC
tax
// taxi : 2015-03-19 Binky Moon, LLC
taxi
// tci : 2014-09-12 Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
tci
// tdk : 2015-06-11 TDK Corporation
tdk
// team : 2015-03-05 Binky Moon, LLC
team
// tech : 2015-01-30 Personals TLD Inc.
tech
// technology : 2013-09-13 Binky Moon, LLC
technology
// telefonica : 2014-10-16 Telefónica S.A.
telefonica
// temasek : 2014-08-07 Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited
temasek
// tennis : 2014-12-04 Binky Moon, LLC
tennis
// teva : 2015-07-02 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited
teva
// thd : 2015-04-02 Home Depot Product Authority, LLC
thd
// theater : 2015-03-19 Binky Moon, LLC
theater
// theatre : 2015-05-07 XYZ.COM LLC
theatre
// tiaa : 2015-07-23 Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America
tiaa
// tickets : 2015-02-05 Accent Media Limited
tickets
// tienda : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC
tienda
// tiffany : 2015-01-30 Tiffany and Company
tiffany
// tips : 2013-09-20 Binky Moon, LLC
tips
// tires : 2014-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
tires
// tirol : 2014-04-24 punkt Tirol GmbH
tirol
// tjmaxx : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc.
tjmaxx
// tjx : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc.
tjx
// tkmaxx : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc.
tkmaxx
// tmall : 2015-01-15 Alibaba Group Holding Limited
tmall
// today : 2013-09-20 Binky Moon, LLC
today
// tokyo : 2013-11-13 GMO Registry, Inc.
tokyo
// tools : 2013-11-21 Binky Moon, LLC
tools
// top : 2014-03-20 .TOP Registry
top
// toray : 2014-12-18 Toray Industries, Inc.
toray
// toshiba : 2014-04-10 TOSHIBA Corporation
toshiba
// total : 2015-08-06 Total SA
total
// tours : 2015-01-22 Binky Moon, LLC
tours
// town : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
town
// toyota : 2015-04-23 TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
toyota
// toys : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
toys
// trade : 2014-01-23 Elite Registry Limited
trade
// trading : 2014-12-11 Dottrading Registry Limited
trading
// training : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC
training
// travel : Dog Beach, LLC
travel
// travelchannel : 2015-07-02 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
travelchannel
// travelers : 2015-03-26 Travelers TLD, LLC
travelers
// travelersinsurance : 2015-03-26 Travelers TLD, LLC
travelersinsurance
// trust : 2014-10-16 NCC Group Inc.
trust
// trv : 2015-03-26 Travelers TLD, LLC
trv
// tube : 2015-06-11 Latin American Telecom LLC
tube
// tui : 2014-07-03 TUI AG
tui
// tunes : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
tunes
// tushu : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
tushu
// tvs : 2015-02-19 T V SUNDRAM IYENGAR & SONS LIMITED
tvs
// ubank : 2015-08-20 National Australia Bank Limited
ubank
// ubs : 2014-12-11 UBS AG
ubs
// uconnect : 2015-07-30 FCA US LLC.
uconnect
// unicom : 2015-10-15 China United Network Communications Corporation Limited
unicom
// university : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
university
// uno : 2013-09-11 Dot Latin LLC
uno
// uol : 2014-05-01 UBN INTERNET LTDA.
uol
// ups : 2015-06-25 UPS Market Driver, Inc.
ups
// vacations : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
vacations
// vana : 2014-12-11 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.
vana
// vanguard : 2015-09-03 The Vanguard Group, Inc.
vanguard
// vegas : 2014-01-16 Dot Vegas, Inc.
vegas
// ventures : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC
ventures
// verisign : 2015-08-13 VeriSign, Inc.
verisign
// versicherung : 2014-03-20 TLD-BOX Registrydienstleistungen GmbH
versicherung
// vet : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
vet
// viajes : 2013-10-17 Binky Moon, LLC
viajes
// video : 2014-10-16 United TLD Holdco Ltd.
video
// vig : 2015-05-14 VIENNA INSURANCE GROUP AG Wiener Versicherung Gruppe
vig
// viking : 2015-04-02 Viking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd.
viking
// villas : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
villas
// vin : 2015-06-18 Binky Moon, LLC
vin
// vip : 2015-01-22 Minds + Machines Group Limited
vip
// virgin : 2014-09-25 Virgin Enterprises Limited
virgin
// visa : 2015-07-30 Visa Worldwide Pte. Limited
visa
// vision : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC
vision
// vistaprint : 2014-09-18 Vistaprint Limited
vistaprint
// viva : 2014-11-07 Saudi Telecom Company
viva
// vivo : 2015-07-31 Telefonica Brasil S.A.
vivo
// vlaanderen : 2014-02-06 DNS.be vzw
vlaanderen
// vodka : 2013-12-19 Minds + Machines Group Limited
vodka
// volkswagen : 2015-05-14 Volkswagen Group of America Inc.
volkswagen
// volvo : 2015-11-12 Volvo Holding Sverige Aktiebolag
volvo
// vote : 2013-11-21 Monolith Registry LLC
vote
// voting : 2013-11-13 Valuetainment Corp.
voting
// voto : 2013-11-21 Monolith Registry LLC
voto
// voyage : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC
voyage
// vuelos : 2015-03-05 Travel Reservations SRL
vuelos
// wales : 2014-05-08 Nominet UK
wales
// walmart : 2015-07-31 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
walmart
// walter : 2014-11-13 Sandvik AB
walter
// wang : 2013-10-24 Zodiac Wang Limited
wang
// wanggou : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
wanggou
// warman : 2015-06-18 Weir Group IP Limited
warman
// watch : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC
watch
// watches : 2014-12-22 Richemont DNS Inc.
watches
// weather : 2015-01-08 International Business Machines Corporation
weather
// weatherchannel : 2015-03-12 International Business Machines Corporation
weatherchannel
// webcam : 2014-01-23 dot Webcam Limited
webcam
// weber : 2015-06-04 Saint-Gobain Weber SA
weber
// website : 2014-04-03 DotWebsite Inc.
website
// wed : 2013-10-01 Atgron, Inc.
wed
// wedding : 2014-04-24 Minds + Machines Group Limited
wedding
// weibo : 2015-03-05 Sina Corporation
weibo
// weir : 2015-01-29 Weir Group IP Limited
weir
// whoswho : 2014-02-20 Who's Who Registry
whoswho
// wien : 2013-10-28 punkt.wien GmbH
wien
// wiki : 2013-11-07 Top Level Design, LLC
wiki
// williamhill : 2014-03-13 William Hill Organization Limited
williamhill
// win : 2014-11-20 First Registry Limited
win
// windows : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation
windows
// wine : 2015-06-18 Binky Moon, LLC
wine
// winners : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc.
winners
// wme : 2014-02-13 William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC
wme
// wolterskluwer : 2015-08-06 Wolters Kluwer N.V.
wolterskluwer
// woodside : 2015-07-09 Woodside Petroleum Limited
woodside
// work : 2013-12-19 Minds + Machines Group Limited
work
// works : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC
works
// world : 2014-06-12 Binky Moon, LLC
world
// wow : 2015-10-08 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
wow
// wtc : 2013-12-19 World Trade Centers Association, Inc.
wtc
// wtf : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC
wtf
// xbox : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation
xbox
// xerox : 2014-10-24 Xerox DNHC LLC
xerox
// xfinity : 2015-07-09 Comcast IP Holdings I, LLC
xfinity
// xihuan : 2015-01-08 QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
xihuan
// xin : 2014-12-11 Elegant Leader Limited
xin
// xn--11b4c3d : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl
xn--11b4c3d
// xn--1ck2e1b : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
xn--1ck2e1b
// xn--1qqw23a : 2014-01-09 Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd.
xn--1qqw23a
// xn--30rr7y : 2014-06-12 Excellent First Limited
xn--30rr7y
// xn--3bst00m : 2013-09-13 Eagle Horizon Limited
xn--3bst00m
// xn--3ds443g : 2013-09-08 TLD REGISTRY LIMITED
xn--3ds443g
// xn--3oq18vl8pn36a : 2015-07-02 Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd.
xn--3oq18vl8pn36a
// xn--3pxu8k : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl
xn--3pxu8k
// xn--42c2d9a : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl
xn--42c2d9a
// xn--45q11c : 2013-11-21 Zodiac Gemini Ltd
xn--45q11c
// xn--4gbrim : 2013-10-04 Suhub Electronic Establishment
xn--4gbrim
// xn--55qw42g : 2013-11-08 China Organizational Name Administration Center
xn--55qw42g
// xn--55qx5d : 2013-11-14 China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC)
xn--55qx5d
// xn--5su34j936bgsg : 2015-09-03 Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited
xn--5su34j936bgsg
// xn--5tzm5g : 2014-12-22 Global Website TLD Asia Limited
xn--5tzm5g
// xn--6frz82g : 2013-09-23 Afilias plc
xn--6frz82g
// xn--6qq986b3xl : 2013-09-13 Tycoon Treasure Limited
xn--6qq986b3xl
// xn--80adxhks : 2013-12-19 Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development (FAITID)
xn--80adxhks
// xn--80aqecdr1a : 2015-10-21 Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)
xn--80aqecdr1a
// xn--80asehdb : 2013-07-14 CORE Association
xn--80asehdb
// xn--80aswg : 2013-07-14 CORE Association
xn--80aswg
// xn--8y0a063a : 2015-03-26 China United Network Communications Corporation Limited
xn--8y0a063a
// xn--9dbq2a : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl
xn--9dbq2a
// xn--9et52u : 2014-06-12 RISE VICTORY LIMITED
xn--9et52u
// xn--9krt00a : 2015-03-12 Sina Corporation
xn--9krt00a
// xn--b4w605ferd : 2014-08-07 Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited
xn--b4w605ferd
// xn--bck1b9a5dre4c : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
xn--bck1b9a5dre4c
// xn--c1avg : 2013-11-14 Public Interest Registry
xn--c1avg
// xn--c2br7g : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl
xn--c2br7g
// xn--cck2b3b : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
xn--cck2b3b
// xn--cg4bki : 2013-09-27 SAMSUNG SDS CO., LTD
xn--cg4bki
// xn--czr694b : 2014-01-16 Dot Trademark TLD Holding Company Limited
xn--czr694b
// xn--czrs0t : 2013-12-19 Binky Moon, LLC
xn--czrs0t
// xn--czru2d : 2013-11-21 Zodiac Aquarius Limited
xn--czru2d
// xn--d1acj3b : 2013-11-20 The Foundation for Network Initiatives “The Smart Internet”
xn--d1acj3b
// xn--eckvdtc9d : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
xn--eckvdtc9d
// xn--efvy88h : 2014-08-22 Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd.
xn--efvy88h
// xn--estv75g : 2015-02-19 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited
xn--estv75g
// xn--fct429k : 2015-04-09 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
xn--fct429k
// xn--fhbei : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl
xn--fhbei
// xn--fiq228c5hs : 2013-09-08 TLD REGISTRY LIMITED
xn--fiq228c5hs
// xn--fiq64b : 2013-10-14 CITIC Group Corporation
xn--fiq64b
// xn--fjq720a : 2014-05-22 Binky Moon, LLC
xn--fjq720a
// xn--flw351e : 2014-07-31 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
xn--flw351e
// xn--fzys8d69uvgm : 2015-05-14 PCCW Enterprises Limited
xn--fzys8d69uvgm
// xn--g2xx48c : 2015-01-30 Minds + Machines Group Limited
xn--g2xx48c
// xn--gckr3f0f : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
xn--gckr3f0f
// xn--gk3at1e : 2015-10-08 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
xn--gk3at1e
// xn--hxt814e : 2014-05-15 Zodiac Taurus Limited
xn--hxt814e
// xn--i1b6b1a6a2e : 2013-11-14 Public Interest Registry
xn--i1b6b1a6a2e
// xn--imr513n : 2014-12-11 Dot Trademark TLD Holding Company Limited
xn--imr513n
// xn--io0a7i : 2013-11-14 China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC)
xn--io0a7i
// xn--j1aef : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl
xn--j1aef
// xn--jlq61u9w7b : 2015-01-08 Nokia Corporation
xn--jlq61u9w7b
// xn--jvr189m : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
xn--jvr189m
// xn--kcrx77d1x4a : 2014-11-07 Koninklijke Philips N.V.
xn--kcrx77d1x4a
// xn--kpu716f : 2014-12-22 Richemont DNS Inc.
xn--kpu716f
// xn--kput3i : 2014-02-13 Beijing RITT-Net Technology Development Co., Ltd
xn--kput3i
// xn--mgba3a3ejt : 2014-11-20 Aramco Services Company
xn--mgba3a3ejt
// xn--mgba7c0bbn0a : 2015-05-14 Crescent Holding GmbH
xn--mgba7c0bbn0a
// xn--mgbaakc7dvf : 2015-09-03 Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat)
xn--mgbaakc7dvf
// xn--mgbab2bd : 2013-10-31 CORE Association
xn--mgbab2bd
// xn--mgbb9fbpob : 2014-12-18 GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.
xn--mgbb9fbpob
// xn--mgbca7dzdo : 2015-07-30 Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Centre
xn--mgbca7dzdo
// xn--mgbi4ecexp : 2015-10-21 Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)
xn--mgbi4ecexp
// xn--mgbt3dhd : 2014-09-04 Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
xn--mgbt3dhd
// xn--mk1bu44c : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl
xn--mk1bu44c
// xn--mxtq1m : 2014-03-06 Net-Chinese Co., Ltd.
xn--mxtq1m
// xn--ngbc5azd : 2013-07-13 International Domain Registry Pty. Ltd.
xn--ngbc5azd
// xn--ngbe9e0a : 2014-12-04 Kuwait Finance House
xn--ngbe9e0a
// xn--ngbrx : 2015-11-12 League of Arab States
xn--ngbrx
// xn--nqv7f : 2013-11-14 Public Interest Registry
xn--nqv7f
// xn--nqv7fs00ema : 2013-11-14 Public Interest Registry
xn--nqv7fs00ema
// xn--nyqy26a : 2014-11-07 Stable Tone Limited
xn--nyqy26a
// xn--otu796d : 2017-08-06 Dot Trademark TLD Holding Company Limited
xn--otu796d
// xn--p1acf : 2013-12-12 Rusnames Limited
xn--p1acf
// xn--pbt977c : 2014-12-22 Richemont DNS Inc.
xn--pbt977c
// xn--pssy2u : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl
xn--pssy2u
// xn--q9jyb4c : 2013-09-17 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
xn--q9jyb4c
// xn--qcka1pmc : 2014-07-31 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
xn--qcka1pmc
// xn--rhqv96g : 2013-09-11 Stable Tone Limited
xn--rhqv96g
// xn--rovu88b : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
xn--rovu88b
// xn--ses554g : 2014-01-16 KNET Co., Ltd.
xn--ses554g
// xn--t60b56a : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl
xn--t60b56a
// xn--tckwe : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl
xn--tckwe
// xn--tiq49xqyj : 2015-10-21 Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)
xn--tiq49xqyj
// xn--unup4y : 2013-07-14 Binky Moon, LLC
xn--unup4y
// xn--vermgensberater-ctb : 2014-06-23 Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
xn--vermgensberater-ctb
// xn--vermgensberatung-pwb : 2014-06-23 Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG
xn--vermgensberatung-pwb
// xn--vhquv : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC
xn--vhquv
// xn--vuq861b : 2014-10-16 Beijing Tele-info Network Technology Co., Ltd.
xn--vuq861b
// xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra : 2015-04-30 Kerry Trading Co. Limited
xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra
// xn--w4rs40l : 2015-07-30 Kerry Trading Co. Limited
xn--w4rs40l
// xn--xhq521b : 2013-11-14 Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd.
xn--xhq521b
// xn--zfr164b : 2013-11-08 China Organizational Name Administration Center
xn--zfr164b
// xyz : 2013-12-05 XYZ.COM LLC
xyz
// yachts : 2014-01-09 DERYachts, LLC
yachts
// yahoo : 2015-04-02 Yahoo! Domain Services Inc.
yahoo
// yamaxun : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
yamaxun
// yandex : 2014-04-10 YANDEX, LLC
yandex
// yodobashi : 2014-11-20 YODOBASHI CAMERA CO.,LTD.
yodobashi
// yoga : 2014-05-29 Minds + Machines Group Limited
yoga
// yokohama : 2013-12-12 GMO Registry, Inc.
yokohama
// you : 2015-04-09 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
you
// youtube : 2014-05-01 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
youtube
// yun : 2015-01-08 QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
yun
// zappos : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
zappos
// zara : 2014-11-07 Industria de Diseño Textil, S.A. (INDITEX, S.A.)
zara
// zero : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
zero
// zip : 2014-05-08 Charleston Road Registry Inc.
zip
// zone : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC
zone
// zuerich : 2014-11-07 Kanton Zürich (Canton of Zurich)
zuerich
// ===END ICANN DOMAINS===
// ===BEGIN PRIVATE DOMAINS===
// (Note: these are in alphabetical order by company name)
// 1GB LLC : https://www.1gb.ua/
// Submitted by 1GB LLC <noc@1gb.com.ua>
cc.ua
inf.ua
ltd.ua
// Agnat sp. z o.o. : https://domena.pl
// Submitted by Przemyslaw Plewa <it-admin@domena.pl>
beep.pl
// Alces Software Ltd : http://alces-software.com
// Submitted by Mark J. Titorenko <mark.titorenko@alces-software.com>
*.compute.estate
*.alces.network
// alwaysdata : https://www.alwaysdata.com
// Submitted by Cyril <admin@alwaysdata.com>
alwaysdata.net
// Amazon CloudFront : https://aws.amazon.com/cloudfront/
// Submitted by Donavan Miller <donavanm@amazon.com>
cloudfront.net
// Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud : https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/
// Submitted by Luke Wells <psl-maintainers@amazon.com>
*.compute.amazonaws.com
*.compute-1.amazonaws.com
*.compute.amazonaws.com.cn
us-east-1.amazonaws.com
// Amazon Elastic Beanstalk : https://aws.amazon.com/elasticbeanstalk/
// Submitted by Luke Wells <psl-maintainers@amazon.com>
cn-north-1.eb.amazonaws.com.cn
cn-northwest-1.eb.amazonaws.com.cn
elasticbeanstalk.com
ap-northeast-1.elasticbeanstalk.com
ap-northeast-2.elasticbeanstalk.com
ap-northeast-3.elasticbeanstalk.com
ap-south-1.elasticbeanstalk.com
ap-southeast-1.elasticbeanstalk.com
ap-southeast-2.elasticbeanstalk.com
ca-central-1.elasticbeanstalk.com
eu-central-1.elasticbeanstalk.com
eu-west-1.elasticbeanstalk.com
eu-west-2.elasticbeanstalk.com
eu-west-3.elasticbeanstalk.com
sa-east-1.elasticbeanstalk.com
us-east-1.elasticbeanstalk.com
us-east-2.elasticbeanstalk.com
us-gov-west-1.elasticbeanstalk.com
us-west-1.elasticbeanstalk.com
us-west-2.elasticbeanstalk.com
// Amazon Elastic Load Balancing : https://aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/
// Submitted by Luke Wells <psl-maintainers@amazon.com>
*.elb.amazonaws.com
*.elb.amazonaws.com.cn
// Amazon S3 : https://aws.amazon.com/s3/
// Submitted by Luke Wells <psl-maintainers@amazon.com>
s3.amazonaws.com
s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com
s3-ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com
s3-ap-south-1.amazonaws.com
s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com
s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com
s3-ca-central-1.amazonaws.com
s3-eu-central-1.amazonaws.com
s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com
s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com
s3-eu-west-3.amazonaws.com
s3-external-1.amazonaws.com
s3-fips-us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com
s3-sa-east-1.amazonaws.com
s3-us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com
s3-us-east-2.amazonaws.com
s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com
s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com
s3.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com
s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com
s3.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn
s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com
s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com
s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com
s3.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com
s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.sa-east-1.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
s3.dualstack.us-east-2.amazonaws.com
s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com
s3-website-us-west-1.amazonaws.com
s3-website-us-west-2.amazonaws.com
s3-website-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com
s3-website-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com
s3-website-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com
s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com
s3-website-sa-east-1.amazonaws.com
s3-website.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com
s3-website.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com
s3-website.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com
s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com
s3-website.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com
s3-website.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com
s3-website.us-east-2.amazonaws.com
// Amune : https://amune.org/
// Submitted by Team Amune <cert@amune.org>
t3l3p0rt.net
tele.amune.org
// Apigee : https://apigee.com/
// Submitted by Apigee Security Team <security@apigee.com>
apigee.io
// Aptible : https://www.aptible.com/
// Submitted by Thomas Orozco <thomas@aptible.com>
on-aptible.com
// Asociación Amigos de la Informática "Euskalamiga" : http://encounter.eus/
// Submitted by Hector Martin <marcan@euskalencounter.org>
user.party.eus
// Association potager.org : https://potager.org/
// Submitted by Lunar <jardiniers@potager.org>
pimienta.org
poivron.org
potager.org
sweetpepper.org
// ASUSTOR Inc. : http://www.asustor.com
// Submitted by Vincent Tseng <vincenttseng@asustor.com>
myasustor.com
// Automattic Inc. : https://automattic.com/
// Submitted by Alex Concha <alex.concha@automattic.com>
go-vip.co
wpcomstaging.com
// AVM : https://avm.de
// Submitted by Andreas Weise <a.weise@avm.de>
myfritz.net
// AW AdvisorWebsites.com Software Inc : https://advisorwebsites.com
// Submitted by James Kennedy <domains@advisorwebsites.com>
*.awdev.ca
*.advisor.ws
// backplane : https://www.backplane.io
// Submitted by Anthony Voutas <anthony@backplane.io>
backplaneapp.io
// BetaInABox
// Submitted by Adrian <adrian@betainabox.com>
betainabox.com
// BinaryLane : http://www.binarylane.com
// Submitted by Nathan O'Sullivan <nathan@mammoth.com.au>
bnr.la
// Blackbaud, Inc. : https://www.blackbaud.com
// Submitted by Paul Crowder <paul.crowder@blackbaud.com>
blackbaudcdn.net
// Boomla : https://boomla.com
// Submitted by Tibor Halter <thalter@boomla.com>
boomla.net
// Boxfuse : https://boxfuse.com
// Submitted by Axel Fontaine <axel@boxfuse.com>
boxfuse.io
// bplaced : https://www.bplaced.net/
// Submitted by Miroslav Bozic <security@bplaced.net>
square7.ch
bplaced.com
bplaced.de
square7.de
bplaced.net
square7.net
// BrowserSafetyMark
// Submitted by Dave Tharp <browsersafetymark.io@quicinc.com>
browsersafetymark.io
// Bytemark Hosting : https://www.bytemark.co.uk
// Submitted by Paul Cammish <paul.cammish@bytemark.co.uk>
dh.bytemark.co.uk
vm.bytemark.co.uk
// callidomus : https://www.callidomus.com/
// Submitted by Marcus Popp <admin@callidomus.com>
mycd.eu
// CentralNic : http://www.centralnic.com/names/domains
// Submitted by registry <gavin.brown@centralnic.com>
ae.org
ar.com
br.com
cn.com
com.de
com.se
de.com
eu.com
gb.com
gb.net
hu.com
hu.net
jp.net
jpn.com
kr.com
mex.com
no.com
qc.com
ru.com
sa.com
se.net
uk.com
uk.net
us.com
uy.com
za.bz
za.com
// Africa.com Web Solutions Ltd : https://registry.africa.com
// Submitted by Gavin Brown <gavin.brown@centralnic.com>
africa.com
// iDOT Services Limited : http://www.domain.gr.com
// Submitted by Gavin Brown <gavin.brown@centralnic.com>
gr.com
// Radix FZC : http://domains.in.net
// Submitted by Gavin Brown <gavin.brown@centralnic.com>
in.net
// US REGISTRY LLC : http://us.org
// Submitted by Gavin Brown <gavin.brown@centralnic.com>
us.org
// co.com Registry, LLC : https://registry.co.com
// Submitted by Gavin Brown <gavin.brown@centralnic.com>
co.com
// c.la : http://www.c.la/
c.la
// certmgr.org : https://certmgr.org
// Submitted by B. Blechschmidt <hostmaster@certmgr.org>
certmgr.org
// Citrix : https://citrix.com
// Submitted by Alex Stoddard <alex.stoddard@citrix.com>
xenapponazure.com
// ClearVox : http://www.clearvox.nl/
// Submitted by Leon Rowland <leon@clearvox.nl>
virtueeldomein.nl
// Clever Cloud : https://www.clever-cloud.com/
// Submitted by Quentin Adam <noc@clever-cloud.com>
cleverapps.io
// Cloud66 : https://www.cloud66.com/
// Submitted by Khash Sajadi <khash@cloud66.com>
c66.me
cloud66.ws
// CloudAccess.net : https://www.cloudaccess.net/
// Submitted by Pawel Panek <noc@cloudaccess.net>
jdevcloud.com
wpdevcloud.com
cloudaccess.host
freesite.host
cloudaccess.net
// cloudControl : https://www.cloudcontrol.com/
// Submitted by Tobias Wilken <tw@cloudcontrol.com>
cloudcontrolled.com
cloudcontrolapp.com
// co.ca : http://registry.co.ca/
co.ca
// Co & Co : https://co-co.nl/
// Submitted by Govert Versluis <govert@co-co.nl>
*.otap.co
// i-registry s.r.o. : http://www.i-registry.cz/
// Submitted by Martin Semrad <semrad@i-registry.cz>
co.cz
// CDN77.com : http://www.cdn77.com
// Submitted by Jan Krpes <jan.krpes@cdn77.com>
c.cdn77.org
cdn77-ssl.net
r.cdn77.net
rsc.cdn77.org
ssl.origin.cdn77-secure.org
// Cloud DNS Ltd : http://www.cloudns.net
// Submitted by Aleksander Hristov <noc@cloudns.net>
cloudns.asia
cloudns.biz
cloudns.club
cloudns.cc
cloudns.eu
cloudns.in
cloudns.info
cloudns.org
cloudns.pro
cloudns.pw
cloudns.us
// Cloudeity Inc : https://cloudeity.com
// Submitted by Stefan Dimitrov <contact@cloudeity.com>
cloudeity.net
// CNPY : https://cnpy.gdn
// Submitted by Angelo Gladding <angelo@lahacker.net>
cnpy.gdn
// CoDNS B.V.
co.nl
co.no
// Combell.com : https://www.combell.com
// Submitted by Thomas Wouters <thomas.wouters@combellgroup.com>
webhosting.be
hosting-cluster.nl
// COSIMO GmbH : http://www.cosimo.de
// Submitted by Rene Marticke <rmarticke@cosimo.de>
dyn.cosidns.de
dynamisches-dns.de
dnsupdater.de
internet-dns.de
l-o-g-i-n.de
dynamic-dns.info
feste-ip.net
knx-server.net
static-access.net
// Craynic, s.r.o. : http://www.craynic.com/
// Submitted by Ales Krajnik <ales.krajnik@craynic.com>
realm.cz
// Cryptonomic : https://cryptonomic.net/
// Submitted by Andrew Cady <public-suffix-list@cryptonomic.net>
*.cryptonomic.net
// Cupcake : https://cupcake.io/
// Submitted by Jonathan Rudenberg <jonathan@cupcake.io>
cupcake.is
// cyon GmbH : https://www.cyon.ch/
// Submitted by Dominic Luechinger <dol@cyon.ch>
cyon.link
cyon.site
// Daplie, Inc : https://daplie.com
// Submitted by AJ ONeal <aj@daplie.com>
daplie.me
localhost.daplie.me
// Datto, Inc. : https://www.datto.com/
// Submitted by Philipp Heckel <ph@datto.com>
dattolocal.com
dattorelay.com
dattoweb.com
mydatto.com
dattolocal.net
mydatto.net
// Dansk.net : http://www.dansk.net/
// Submitted by Anani Voule <digital@digital.co.dk>
biz.dk
co.dk
firm.dk
reg.dk
store.dk
// dapps.earth : https://dapps.earth/
// Submitted by Daniil Burdakov <icqkill@gmail.com>
*.dapps.earth
*.bzz.dapps.earth
// Debian : https://www.debian.org/
// Submitted by Peter Palfrader / Debian Sysadmin Team <dsa-publicsuffixlist@debian.org>
debian.net
// deSEC : https://desec.io/
// Submitted by Peter Thomassen <peter@desec.io>
dedyn.io
// DNShome : https://www.dnshome.de/
// Submitted by Norbert Auler <mail@dnshome.de>
dnshome.de
// DotArai : https://www.dotarai.com/
// Submitted by Atsadawat Netcharadsang <atsadawat@dotarai.co.th>
online.th
shop.th
// DrayTek Corp. : https://www.draytek.com/
// Submitted by Paul Fang <mis@draytek.com>
drayddns.com
// DreamHost : http://www.dreamhost.com/
// Submitted by Andrew Farmer <andrew.farmer@dreamhost.com>
dreamhosters.com
// Drobo : http://www.drobo.com/
// Submitted by Ricardo Padilha <rpadilha@drobo.com>
mydrobo.com
// Drud Holdings, LLC. : https://www.drud.com/
// Submitted by Kevin Bridges <kevin@drud.com>
drud.io
drud.us
// DuckDNS : http://www.duckdns.org/
// Submitted by Richard Harper <richard@duckdns.org>
duckdns.org
// dy.fi : http://dy.fi/
// Submitted by Heikki Hannikainen <hessu@hes.iki.fi>
dy.fi
tunk.org
// DynDNS.com : http://www.dyndns.com/services/dns/dyndns/
dyndns-at-home.com
dyndns-at-work.com
dyndns-blog.com
dyndns-free.com
dyndns-home.com
dyndns-ip.com
dyndns-mail.com
dyndns-office.com
dyndns-pics.com
dyndns-remote.com
dyndns-server.com
dyndns-web.com
dyndns-wiki.com
dyndns-work.com
dyndns.biz
dyndns.info
dyndns.org
dyndns.tv
at-band-camp.net
ath.cx
barrel-of-knowledge.info
barrell-of-knowledge.info
better-than.tv
blogdns.com
blogdns.net
blogdns.org
blogsite.org
boldlygoingnowhere.org
broke-it.net
buyshouses.net
cechire.com
dnsalias.com
dnsalias.net
dnsalias.org
dnsdojo.com
dnsdojo.net
dnsdojo.org
does-it.net
doesntexist.com
doesntexist.org
dontexist.com
dontexist.net
dontexist.org
doomdns.com
doomdns.org
dvrdns.org
dyn-o-saur.com
dynalias.com
dynalias.net
dynalias.org
dynathome.net
dyndns.ws
endofinternet.net
endofinternet.org
endoftheinternet.org
est-a-la-maison.com
est-a-la-masion.com
est-le-patron.com
est-mon-blogueur.com
for-better.biz
for-more.biz
for-our.info
for-some.biz
for-the.biz
forgot.her.name
forgot.his.name
from-ak.com
from-al.com
from-ar.com
from-az.net
from-ca.com
from-co.net
from-ct.com
from-dc.com
from-de.com
from-fl.com
from-ga.com
from-hi.com
from-ia.com
from-id.com
from-il.com
from-in.com
from-ks.com
from-ky.com
from-la.net
from-ma.com
from-md.com
from-me.org
from-mi.com
from-mn.com
from-mo.com
from-ms.com
from-mt.com
from-nc.com
from-nd.com
from-ne.com
from-nh.com
from-nj.com
from-nm.com
from-nv.com
from-ny.net
from-oh.com
from-ok.com
from-or.com
from-pa.com
from-pr.com
from-ri.com
from-sc.com
from-sd.com
from-tn.com
from-tx.com
from-ut.com
from-va.com
from-vt.com
from-wa.com
from-wi.com
from-wv.com
from-wy.com
ftpaccess.cc
fuettertdasnetz.de
game-host.org
game-server.cc
getmyip.com
gets-it.net
go.dyndns.org
gotdns.com
gotdns.org
groks-the.info
groks-this.info
ham-radio-op.net
here-for-more.info
hobby-site.com
hobby-site.org
home.dyndns.org
homedns.org
homeftp.net
homeftp.org
homeip.net
homelinux.com
homelinux.net
homelinux.org
homeunix.com
homeunix.net
homeunix.org
iamallama.com
in-the-band.net
is-a-anarchist.com
is-a-blogger.com
is-a-bookkeeper.com
is-a-bruinsfan.org
is-a-bulls-fan.com
is-a-candidate.org
is-a-caterer.com
is-a-celticsfan.org
is-a-chef.com
is-a-chef.net
is-a-chef.org
is-a-conservative.com
is-a-cpa.com
is-a-cubicle-slave.com
is-a-democrat.com
is-a-designer.com
is-a-doctor.com
is-a-financialadvisor.com
is-a-geek.com
is-a-geek.net
is-a-geek.org
is-a-green.com
is-a-guru.com
is-a-hard-worker.com
is-a-hunter.com
is-a-knight.org
is-a-landscaper.com
is-a-lawyer.com
is-a-liberal.com
is-a-libertarian.com
is-a-linux-user.org
is-a-llama.com
is-a-musician.com
is-a-nascarfan.com
is-a-nurse.com
is-a-painter.com
is-a-patsfan.org
is-a-personaltrainer.com
is-a-photographer.com
is-a-player.com
is-a-republican.com
is-a-rockstar.com
is-a-socialist.com
is-a-soxfan.org
is-a-student.com
is-a-teacher.com
is-a-techie.com
is-a-therapist.com
is-an-accountant.com
is-an-actor.com
is-an-actress.com
is-an-anarchist.com
is-an-artist.com
is-an-engineer.com
is-an-entertainer.com
is-by.us
is-certified.com
is-found.org
is-gone.com
is-into-anime.com
is-into-cars.com
is-into-cartoons.com
is-into-games.com
is-leet.com
is-lost.org
is-not-certified.com
is-saved.org
is-slick.com
is-uberleet.com
is-very-bad.org
is-very-evil.org
is-very-good.org
is-very-nice.org
is-very-sweet.org
is-with-theband.com
isa-geek.com
isa-geek.net
isa-geek.org
isa-hockeynut.com
issmarterthanyou.com
isteingeek.de
istmein.de
kicks-ass.net
kicks-ass.org
knowsitall.info
land-4-sale.us
lebtimnetz.de
leitungsen.de
likes-pie.com
likescandy.com
merseine.nu
mine.nu
misconfused.org
mypets.ws
myphotos.cc
neat-url.com
office-on-the.net
on-the-web.tv
podzone.net
podzone.org
readmyblog.org
saves-the-whales.com
scrapper-site.net
scrapping.cc
selfip.biz
selfip.com
selfip.info
selfip.net
selfip.org
sells-for-less.com
sells-for-u.com
sells-it.net
sellsyourhome.org
servebbs.com
servebbs.net
servebbs.org
serveftp.net
serveftp.org
servegame.org
shacknet.nu
simple-url.com
space-to-rent.com
stuff-4-sale.org
stuff-4-sale.us
teaches-yoga.com
thruhere.net
traeumtgerade.de
webhop.biz
webhop.info
webhop.net
webhop.org
worse-than.tv
writesthisblog.com
// ddnss.de : https://www.ddnss.de/
// Submitted by Robert Niedziela <webmaster@ddnss.de>
ddnss.de
dyn.ddnss.de
dyndns.ddnss.de
dyndns1.de
dyn-ip24.de
home-webserver.de
dyn.home-webserver.de
myhome-server.de
ddnss.org
// Definima : http://www.definima.com/
// Submitted by Maxence Bitterli <maxence@definima.com>
definima.net
definima.io
// dnstrace.pro : https://dnstrace.pro/
// Submitted by Chris Partridge <chris@partridge.tech>
bci.dnstrace.pro
// Dynu.com : https://www.dynu.com/
// Submitted by Sue Ye <sue@dynu.com>
ddnsfree.com
ddnsgeek.com
giize.com
gleeze.com
kozow.com
loseyourip.com
ooguy.com
theworkpc.com
casacam.net
dynu.net
accesscam.org
camdvr.org
freeddns.org
mywire.org
webredirect.org
myddns.rocks
blogsite.xyz
// dynv6 : https://dynv6.com
// Submitted by Dominik Menke <dom@digineo.de>
dynv6.net
// E4YOU spol. s.r.o. : https://e4you.cz/
// Submitted by Vladimir Dudr <info@e4you.cz>
e4.cz
// Enalean SAS: https://www.enalean.com
// Submitted by Thomas Cottier <thomas.cottier@enalean.com>
mytuleap.com
// Enonic : http://enonic.com/
// Submitted by Erik Kaareng-Sunde <esu@enonic.com>
enonic.io
customer.enonic.io
// EU.org https://eu.org/
// Submitted by Pierre Beyssac <hostmaster@eu.org>
eu.org
al.eu.org
asso.eu.org
at.eu.org
au.eu.org
be.eu.org
bg.eu.org
ca.eu.org
cd.eu.org
ch.eu.org
cn.eu.org
cy.eu.org
cz.eu.org
de.eu.org
dk.eu.org
edu.eu.org
ee.eu.org
es.eu.org
fi.eu.org
fr.eu.org
gr.eu.org
hr.eu.org
hu.eu.org
ie.eu.org
il.eu.org
in.eu.org
int.eu.org
is.eu.org
it.eu.org
jp.eu.org
kr.eu.org
lt.eu.org
lu.eu.org
lv.eu.org
mc.eu.org
me.eu.org
mk.eu.org
mt.eu.org
my.eu.org
net.eu.org
ng.eu.org
nl.eu.org
no.eu.org
nz.eu.org
paris.eu.org
pl.eu.org
pt.eu.org
q-a.eu.org
ro.eu.org
ru.eu.org
se.eu.org
si.eu.org
sk.eu.org
tr.eu.org
uk.eu.org
us.eu.org
// Evennode : http://www.evennode.com/
// Submitted by Michal Kralik <support@evennode.com>
eu-1.evennode.com
eu-2.evennode.com
eu-3.evennode.com
eu-4.evennode.com
us-1.evennode.com
us-2.evennode.com
us-3.evennode.com
us-4.evennode.com
// eDirect Corp. : https://hosting.url.com.tw/
// Submitted by C.S. chang <cschang@corp.url.com.tw>
twmail.cc
twmail.net
twmail.org
mymailer.com.tw
url.tw
// Facebook, Inc.
// Submitted by Peter Ruibal <public-suffix@fb.com>
apps.fbsbx.com
// FAITID : https://faitid.org/
// Submitted by Maxim Alzoba <tech.contact@faitid.org>
// https://www.flexireg.net/stat_info
ru.net
adygeya.ru
bashkiria.ru
bir.ru
cbg.ru
com.ru
dagestan.ru
grozny.ru
kalmykia.ru
kustanai.ru
marine.ru
mordovia.ru
msk.ru
mytis.ru
nalchik.ru
nov.ru
pyatigorsk.ru
spb.ru
vladikavkaz.ru
vladimir.ru
abkhazia.su
adygeya.su
aktyubinsk.su
arkhangelsk.su
armenia.su
ashgabad.su
azerbaijan.su
balashov.su
bashkiria.su
bryansk.su
bukhara.su
chimkent.su
dagestan.su
east-kazakhstan.su
exnet.su
georgia.su
grozny.su
ivanovo.su
jambyl.su
kalmykia.su
kaluga.su
karacol.su
karaganda.su
karelia.su
khakassia.su
krasnodar.su
kurgan.su
kustanai.su
lenug.su
mangyshlak.su
mordovia.su
msk.su
murmansk.su
nalchik.su
navoi.su
north-kazakhstan.su
nov.su
obninsk.su
penza.su
pokrovsk.su
sochi.su
spb.su
tashkent.su
termez.su
togliatti.su
troitsk.su
tselinograd.su
tula.su
tuva.su
vladikavkaz.su
vladimir.su
vologda.su
// Fancy Bits, LLC : http://getchannels.com
// Submitted by Aman Gupta <aman@getchannels.com>
channelsdvr.net
// Fastly Inc. : http://www.fastly.com/
// Submitted by Fastly Security <security@fastly.com>
fastly-terrarium.com
fastlylb.net
map.fastlylb.net
freetls.fastly.net
map.fastly.net
a.prod.fastly.net
global.prod.fastly.net
a.ssl.fastly.net
b.ssl.fastly.net
global.ssl.fastly.net
// FASTVPS EESTI OU : https://fastvps.ru/
// Submitted by Likhachev Vasiliy <lihachev@fastvps.ru>
fastpanel.direct
fastvps-server.com
// Featherhead : https://featherhead.xyz/
// Submitted by Simon Menke <simon@featherhead.xyz>
fhapp.xyz
// Fedora : https://fedoraproject.org/
// submitted by Patrick Uiterwijk <puiterwijk@fedoraproject.org>
fedorainfracloud.org
fedorapeople.org
cloud.fedoraproject.org
app.os.fedoraproject.org
app.os.stg.fedoraproject.org
// Fermax : https://fermax.com/
// submitted by Koen Van Isterdael <k.vanisterdael@fermax.be>
mydobiss.com
// Filegear Inc. : https://www.filegear.com
// Submitted by Jason Zhu <jason@owtware.com>
filegear.me
filegear-au.me
filegear-de.me
filegear-gb.me
filegear-ie.me
filegear-jp.me
filegear-sg.me
// Firebase, Inc.
// Submitted by Chris Raynor <chris@firebase.com>
firebaseapp.com
// Flynn : https://flynn.io
// Submitted by Jonathan Rudenberg <jonathan@flynn.io>
flynnhub.com
flynnhosting.net
// Freebox : http://www.freebox.fr
// Submitted by Romain Fliedel <rfliedel@freebox.fr>
freebox-os.com
freeboxos.com
fbx-os.fr
fbxos.fr
freebox-os.fr
freeboxos.fr
// freedesktop.org : https://www.freedesktop.org
// Submitted by Daniel Stone <daniel@fooishbar.org>
freedesktop.org
// Futureweb OG : http://www.futureweb.at
// Submitted by Andreas Schnederle-Wagner <schnederle@futureweb.at>
*.futurecms.at
*.ex.futurecms.at
*.in.futurecms.at
futurehosting.at
futuremailing.at
*.ex.ortsinfo.at
*.kunden.ortsinfo.at
*.statics.cloud
// GDS : https://www.gov.uk/service-manual/operations/operating-servicegovuk-subdomains
// Submitted by David Illsley <david.illsley@digital.cabinet-office.gov.uk>
service.gov.uk
// GitHub, Inc.
// Submitted by Patrick Toomey <security@github.com>
github.io
githubusercontent.com
// GitLab, Inc.
// Submitted by Alex Hanselka <alex@gitlab.com>
gitlab.io
// UKHomeOffice : https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office
// Submitted by Jon Shanks <jon.shanks@digital.homeoffice.gov.uk>
homeoffice.gov.uk
// GlobeHosting, Inc.
// Submitted by Zoltan Egresi <egresi@globehosting.com>
ro.im
shop.ro
// GoIP DNS Services : http://www.goip.de
// Submitted by Christian Poulter <milchstrasse@goip.de>
goip.de
// Google, Inc.
// Submitted by Eduardo Vela <evn@google.com>
run.app
a.run.app
*.0emm.com
appspot.com
blogspot.ae
blogspot.al
blogspot.am
blogspot.ba
blogspot.be
blogspot.bg
blogspot.bj
blogspot.ca
blogspot.cf
blogspot.ch
blogspot.cl
blogspot.co.at
blogspot.co.id
blogspot.co.il
blogspot.co.ke
blogspot.co.nz
blogspot.co.uk
blogspot.co.za
blogspot.com
blogspot.com.ar
blogspot.com.au
blogspot.com.br
blogspot.com.by
blogspot.com.co
blogspot.com.cy
blogspot.com.ee
blogspot.com.eg
blogspot.com.es
blogspot.com.mt
blogspot.com.ng
blogspot.com.tr
blogspot.com.uy
blogspot.cv
blogspot.cz
blogspot.de
blogspot.dk
blogspot.fi
blogspot.fr
blogspot.gr
blogspot.hk
blogspot.hr
blogspot.hu
blogspot.ie
blogspot.in
blogspot.is
blogspot.it
blogspot.jp
blogspot.kr
blogspot.li
blogspot.lt
blogspot.lu
blogspot.md
blogspot.mk
blogspot.mr
blogspot.mx
blogspot.my
blogspot.nl
blogspot.no
blogspot.pe
blogspot.pt
blogspot.qa
blogspot.re
blogspot.ro
blogspot.rs
blogspot.ru
blogspot.se
blogspot.sg
blogspot.si
blogspot.sk
blogspot.sn
blogspot.td
blogspot.tw
blogspot.ug
blogspot.vn
cloudfunctions.net
cloud.goog
codespot.com
googleapis.com
googlecode.com
pagespeedmobilizer.com
publishproxy.com
withgoogle.com
withyoutube.com
// Hashbang : https://hashbang.sh
hashbang.sh
// Hasura : https://hasura.io
// Submitted by Shahidh K Muhammed <shahidh@hasura.io>
hasura.app
hasura-app.io
// Hepforge : https://www.hepforge.org
// Submitted by David Grellscheid <admin@hepforge.org>
hepforge.org
// Heroku : https://www.heroku.com/
// Submitted by Tom Maher <tmaher@heroku.com>
herokuapp.com
herokussl.com
// Hibernating Rhinos
// Submitted by Oren Eini <oren@ravendb.net>
myravendb.com
ravendb.community
ravendb.me
development.run
ravendb.run
// Ici la Lune : http://www.icilalune.com/
// Submitted by Simon Morvan <simon@icilalune.com>
moonscale.net
// iki.fi
// Submitted by Hannu Aronsson <haa@iki.fi>
iki.fi
// Individual Network Berlin e.V. : https://www.in-berlin.de/
// Submitted by Christian Seitz <chris@in-berlin.de>
dyn-berlin.de
in-berlin.de
in-brb.de
in-butter.de
in-dsl.de
in-dsl.net
in-dsl.org
in-vpn.de
in-vpn.net
in-vpn.org
// info.at : http://www.info.at/
biz.at
info.at
// info.cx : http://info.cx
// Submitted by Jacob Slater <whois@igloo.to>
info.cx
// Interlegis : http://www.interlegis.leg.br
// Submitted by Gabriel Ferreira <registrobr@interlegis.leg.br>
ac.leg.br
al.leg.br
am.leg.br
ap.leg.br
ba.leg.br
ce.leg.br
df.leg.br
es.leg.br
go.leg.br
ma.leg.br
mg.leg.br
ms.leg.br
mt.leg.br
pa.leg.br
pb.leg.br
pe.leg.br
pi.leg.br
pr.leg.br
rj.leg.br
rn.leg.br
ro.leg.br
rr.leg.br
rs.leg.br
sc.leg.br
se.leg.br
sp.leg.br
to.leg.br
// intermetrics GmbH : https://pixolino.com/
// Submitted by Wolfgang Schwarz <admin@intermetrics.de>
pixolino.com
// IPiFony Systems, Inc. : https://www.ipifony.com/
// Submitted by Matthew Hardeman <mhardeman@ipifony.com>
ipifony.net
// IServ GmbH : https://iserv.eu
// Submitted by Kim-Alexander Brodowski <kim.brodowski@iserv.eu>
mein-iserv.de
test-iserv.de
// Jino : https://www.jino.ru
// Submitted by Sergey Ulyashin <ulyashin@jino.ru>
myjino.ru
*.hosting.myjino.ru
*.landing.myjino.ru
*.spectrum.myjino.ru
*.vps.myjino.ru
// Joyent : https://www.joyent.com/
// Submitted by Brian Bennett <brian.bennett@joyent.com>
*.triton.zone
*.cns.joyent.com
// JS.ORG : http://dns.js.org
// Submitted by Stefan Keim <admin@js.org>
js.org
// Keyweb AG : https://www.keyweb.de
// Submitted by Martin Dannehl <postmaster@keymachine.de>
keymachine.de
// KnightPoint Systems, LLC : http://www.knightpoint.com/
// Submitted by Roy Keene <rkeene@knightpoint.com>
knightpoint.systems
// .KRD : http://nic.krd/data/krd/Registration%20Policy.pdf
co.krd
edu.krd
// LCube - Professional hosting e.K. : https://www.lcube-webhosting.de
// Submitted by Lars Laehn <info@lcube.de>
git-repos.de
lcube-server.de
svn-repos.de
// Leadpages : https://www.leadpages.net
// Submitted by Greg Dallavalle <domains@leadpages.net>
leadpages.co
lpages.co
lpusercontent.com
// Lifetime Hosting : https://Lifetime.Hosting/
// Submitted by Mike Fillator <support@lifetime.hosting>
co.business
co.education
co.events
co.financial
co.network
co.place
co.technology
// Lightmaker Property Manager, Inc. : https://app.lmpm.com/
// Submitted by Greg Holland <greg.holland@lmpm.com>
app.lmpm.com
// Linki Tools UG : https://linki.tools
// Submitted by Paulo Matos <pmatos@linki.tools>
linkitools.space
// linkyard ldt: https://www.linkyard.ch/
// Submitted by Mario Siegenthaler <mario.siegenthaler@linkyard.ch>
linkyard.cloud
linkyard-cloud.ch
// LiquidNet Ltd : http://www.liquidnetlimited.com/
// Submitted by Victor Velchev <admin@liquidnetlimited.com>
we.bs
// LubMAN UMCS Sp. z o.o : https://lubman.pl/
// Submitted by Ireneusz Maliszewski <ireneusz.maliszewski@lubman.pl>
krasnik.pl
leczna.pl
lubartow.pl
lublin.pl
poniatowa.pl
swidnik.pl
// Lug.org.uk : https://lug.org.uk
// Submitted by Jon Spriggs <admin@lug.org.uk>
uklugs.org
glug.org.uk
lug.org.uk
lugs.org.uk
// Lukanet Ltd : https://lukanet.com
// Submitted by Anton Avramov <register@lukanet.com>
barsy.bg
barsy.co.uk
barsyonline.co.uk
barsycenter.com
barsyonline.com
barsy.club
barsy.de
barsy.eu
barsy.in
barsy.info
barsy.io
barsy.me
barsy.menu
barsy.mobi
barsy.net
barsy.online
barsy.org
barsy.pro
barsy.pub
barsy.shop
barsy.site
barsy.support
barsy.uk
// Magento Commerce
// Submitted by Damien Tournoud <dtournoud@magento.cloud>
*.magentosite.cloud
// May First - People Link : https://mayfirst.org/
// Submitted by Jamie McClelland <info@mayfirst.org>
mayfirst.info
mayfirst.org
// Mail.Ru Group : https://hb.cldmail.ru
// Submitted by Ilya Zaretskiy <zaretskiy@corp.mail.ru>
hb.cldmail.ru
// Memset hosting : https://www.memset.com
// Submitted by Tom Whitwell <domains@memset.com>
miniserver.com
memset.net
// MetaCentrum, CESNET z.s.p.o. : https://www.metacentrum.cz/en/
// Submitted by Zdeněk Šustr <zdenek.sustr@cesnet.cz>
cloud.metacentrum.cz
custom.metacentrum.cz
// MetaCentrum, CESNET z.s.p.o. : https://www.metacentrum.cz/en/
// Submitted by Radim Janča <janca@cesnet.cz>
flt.cloud.muni.cz
usr.cloud.muni.cz
// Meteor Development Group : https://www.meteor.com/hosting
// Submitted by Pierre Carrier <pierre@meteor.com>
meteorapp.com
eu.meteorapp.com
// Michau Enterprises Limited : http://www.co.pl/
co.pl
// Microsoft Corporation : http://microsoft.com
// Submitted by Justin Luk <juluk@microsoft.com>
azurecontainer.io
azurewebsites.net
azure-mobile.net
cloudapp.net
// Mozilla Corporation : https://mozilla.com
// Submitted by Ben Francis <bfrancis@mozilla.com>
mozilla-iot.org
// Mozilla Foundation : https://mozilla.org/
// Submitted by glob <glob@mozilla.com>
bmoattachments.org
// MSK-IX : https://www.msk-ix.ru/
// Submitted by Khannanov Roman <r.khannanov@msk-ix.ru>
net.ru
org.ru
pp.ru
// Netlify : https://www.netlify.com
// Submitted by Jessica Parsons <jessica@netlify.com>
bitballoon.com
netlify.com
// Neustar Inc.
// Submitted by Trung Tran <Trung.Tran@neustar.biz>
4u.com
// ngrok : https://ngrok.com/
// Submitted by Alan Shreve <alan@ngrok.com>
ngrok.io
// Nimbus Hosting Ltd. : https://www.nimbushosting.co.uk/
// Submitted by Nicholas Ford <nick@nimbushosting.co.uk>
nh-serv.co.uk
// NFSN, Inc. : https://www.NearlyFreeSpeech.NET/
// Submitted by Jeff Wheelhouse <support@nearlyfreespeech.net>
nfshost.com
// Now-DNS : https://now-dns.com
// Submitted by Steve Russell <steve@now-dns.com>
dnsking.ch
mypi.co
n4t.co
001www.com
ddnslive.com
myiphost.com
forumz.info
16-b.it
32-b.it
64-b.it
soundcast.me
tcp4.me
dnsup.net
hicam.net
now-dns.net
ownip.net
vpndns.net
dynserv.org
now-dns.org
x443.pw
now-dns.top
ntdll.top
freeddns.us
crafting.xyz
zapto.xyz
// nsupdate.info : https://www.nsupdate.info/
// Submitted by Thomas Waldmann <info@nsupdate.info>
nsupdate.info
nerdpol.ovh
// No-IP.com : https://noip.com/
// Submitted by Deven Reza <publicsuffixlist@noip.com>
blogsyte.com
brasilia.me
cable-modem.org
ciscofreak.com
collegefan.org
couchpotatofries.org
damnserver.com
ddns.me
ditchyourip.com
dnsfor.me
dnsiskinky.com
dvrcam.info
dynns.com
eating-organic.net
fantasyleague.cc
geekgalaxy.com
golffan.us
health-carereform.com
homesecuritymac.com
homesecuritypc.com
hopto.me
ilovecollege.info
loginto.me
mlbfan.org
mmafan.biz
myactivedirectory.com
mydissent.net
myeffect.net
mymediapc.net
mypsx.net
mysecuritycamera.com
mysecuritycamera.net
mysecuritycamera.org
net-freaks.com
nflfan.org
nhlfan.net
no-ip.ca
no-ip.co.uk
no-ip.net
noip.us
onthewifi.com
pgafan.net
point2this.com
pointto.us
privatizehealthinsurance.net
quicksytes.com
read-books.org
securitytactics.com
serveexchange.com
servehumour.com
servep2p.com
servesarcasm.com
stufftoread.com
ufcfan.org
unusualperson.com
workisboring.com
3utilities.com
bounceme.net
ddns.net
ddnsking.com
gotdns.ch
hopto.org
myftp.biz
myftp.org
myvnc.com
no-ip.biz
no-ip.info
no-ip.org
noip.me
redirectme.net
servebeer.com
serveblog.net
servecounterstrike.com
serveftp.com
servegame.com
servehalflife.com
servehttp.com
serveirc.com
serveminecraft.net
servemp3.com
servepics.com
servequake.com
sytes.net
webhop.me
zapto.org
// NodeArt : https://nodeart.io
// Submitted by Konstantin Nosov <Nosov@nodeart.io>
stage.nodeart.io
// Nodum B.V. : https://nodum.io/
// Submitted by Wietse Wind <hello+publicsuffixlist@nodum.io>
nodum.co
nodum.io
// Nucleos Inc. : https://nucleos.com
// Submitted by Piotr Zduniak <piotr@nucleos.com>
pcloud.host
// NYC.mn : http://www.information.nyc.mn
// Submitted by Matthew Brown <mattbrown@nyc.mn>
nyc.mn
// NymNom : https://nymnom.com/
// Submitted by Dave McCormack <dave.mccormack@nymnom.com>
nom.ae
nom.af
nom.ai
nom.al
nym.by
nym.bz
nom.cl
nom.gd
nom.ge
nom.gl
nym.gr
nom.gt
nym.gy
nom.hn
nym.ie
nom.im
nom.ke
nym.kz
nym.la
nym.lc
nom.li
nym.li
nym.lt
nym.lu
nym.me
nom.mk
nym.mn
nym.mx
nom.nu
nym.nz
nym.pe
nym.pt
nom.pw
nom.qa
nym.ro
nom.rs
nom.si
nym.sk
nom.st
nym.su
nym.sx
nom.tj
nym.tw
nom.ug
nom.uy
nom.vc
nom.vg
// Octopodal Solutions, LLC. : https://ulterius.io/
// Submitted by Andrew Sampson <andrew@ulterius.io>
cya.gg
// Omnibond Systems, LLC. : https://www.omnibond.com
// Submitted by Cole Estep <cole@omnibond.com>
cloudycluster.net
// One Fold Media : http://www.onefoldmedia.com/
// Submitted by Eddie Jones <eddie@onefoldmedia.com>
nid.io
// OpenCraft GmbH : http://opencraft.com/
// Submitted by Sven Marnach <sven@opencraft.com>
opencraft.hosting
// Opera Software, A.S.A.
// Submitted by Yngve Pettersen <yngve@opera.com>
operaunite.com
// OutSystems
// Submitted by Duarte Santos <domain-admin@outsystemscloud.com>
outsystemscloud.com
// OwnProvider GmbH: http://www.ownprovider.com
// Submitted by Jan Moennich <jan.moennich@ownprovider.com>
ownprovider.com
own.pm
// OX : http://www.ox.rs
// Submitted by Adam Grand <webmaster@mail.ox.rs>
ox.rs
// oy.lc
// Submitted by Charly Coste <changaco@changaco.oy.lc>
oy.lc
// Pagefog : https://pagefog.com/
// Submitted by Derek Myers <derek@pagefog.com>
pgfog.com
// Pagefront : https://www.pagefronthq.com/
// Submitted by Jason Kriss <jason@pagefronthq.com>
pagefrontapp.com
// .pl domains (grandfathered)
art.pl
gliwice.pl
krakow.pl
poznan.pl
wroc.pl
zakopane.pl
// Pantheon Systems, Inc. : https://pantheon.io/
// Submitted by Gary Dylina <gary@pantheon.io>
pantheonsite.io
gotpantheon.com
// Peplink | Pepwave : http://peplink.com/
// Submitted by Steve Leung <steveleung@peplink.com>
mypep.link
// Planet-Work : https://www.planet-work.com/
// Submitted by Frédéric VANNIÈRE <f.vanniere@planet-work.com>
on-web.fr
// Platform.sh : https://platform.sh
// Submitted by Nikola Kotur <nikola@platform.sh>
*.platform.sh
*.platformsh.site
// prgmr.com : https://prgmr.com/
// Submitted by Sarah Newman <owner@prgmr.com>
xen.prgmr.com
// priv.at : http://www.nic.priv.at/
// Submitted by registry <lendl@nic.at>
priv.at
// Protonet GmbH : http://protonet.io
// Submitted by Martin Meier <admin@protonet.io>
protonet.io
// Publication Presse Communication SARL : https://ppcom.fr
// Submitted by Yaacov Akiba Slama <admin@chirurgiens-dentistes-en-france.fr>
chirurgiens-dentistes-en-france.fr
byen.site
// Redstar Consultants : https://www.redstarconsultants.com/
// Submitted by Jons Slemmer <jons@redstarconsultants.com>
instantcloud.cn
// Russian Academy of Sciences
// Submitted by Tech Support <support@rasnet.ru>
ras.ru
// QA2
// Submitted by Daniel Dent (https://www.danieldent.com/)
qa2.com
// QNAP System Inc : https://www.qnap.com
// Submitted by Nick Chang <nickchang@qnap.com>
dev-myqnapcloud.com
alpha-myqnapcloud.com
myqnapcloud.com
// Quip : https://quip.com
// Submitted by Patrick Linehan <plinehan@quip.com>
*.quipelements.com
// Qutheory LLC : http://qutheory.io
// Submitted by Jonas Schwartz <jonas@qutheory.io>
vapor.cloud
vaporcloud.io
// Rackmaze LLC : https://www.rackmaze.com
// Submitted by Kirill Pertsev <kika@rackmaze.com>
rackmaze.com
rackmaze.net
// Read The Docs, Inc : https://www.readthedocs.org
// Submitted by David Fischer <team@readthedocs.org>
readthedocs.io
// Red Hat, Inc. OpenShift : https://openshift.redhat.com/
// Submitted by Tim Kramer <tkramer@rhcloud.com>
rhcloud.com
// Resin.io : https://resin.io
// Submitted by Tim Perry <tim@resin.io>
resindevice.io
devices.resinstaging.io
// RethinkDB : https://www.rethinkdb.com/
// Submitted by Chris Kastorff <info@rethinkdb.com>
hzc.io
// Revitalised Limited : http://www.revitalised.co.uk
// Submitted by Jack Price <jack@revitalised.co.uk>
wellbeingzone.eu
ptplus.fit
wellbeingzone.co.uk
// Sandstorm Development Group, Inc. : https://sandcats.io/
// Submitted by Asheesh Laroia <asheesh@sandstorm.io>
sandcats.io
// SBE network solutions GmbH : https://www.sbe.de/
// Submitted by Norman Meilick <nm@sbe.de>
logoip.de
logoip.com
// schokokeks.org GbR : https://schokokeks.org/
// Submitted by Hanno Böck <hanno@schokokeks.org>
schokokeks.net
// Scry Security : http://www.scrysec.com
// Submitted by Shante Adam <shante@skyhat.io>
scrysec.com
// Securepoint GmbH : https://www.securepoint.de
// Submitted by Erik Anders <erik.anders@securepoint.de>
firewall-gateway.com
firewall-gateway.de
my-gateway.de
my-router.de
spdns.de
spdns.eu
firewall-gateway.net
my-firewall.org
myfirewall.org
spdns.org
// SensioLabs, SAS : https://sensiolabs.com/
// Submitted by Fabien Potencier <fabien.potencier@sensiolabs.com>
*.s5y.io
*.sensiosite.cloud
// Service Online LLC : http://drs.ua/
// Submitted by Serhii Bulakh <support@drs.ua>
biz.ua
co.ua
pp.ua
// ShiftEdit : https://shiftedit.net/
// Submitted by Adam Jimenez <adam@shiftcreate.com>
shiftedit.io
// Shopblocks : http://www.shopblocks.com/
// Submitted by Alex Bowers <alex@shopblocks.com>
myshopblocks.com
// SinaAppEngine : http://sae.sina.com.cn/
// Submitted by SinaAppEngine <saesupport@sinacloud.com>
1kapp.com
appchizi.com
applinzi.com
sinaapp.com
vipsinaapp.com
// Siteleaf : https://www.siteleaf.com/
// Submitted by Skylar Challand <support@siteleaf.com>
siteleaf.net
// Skyhat : http://www.skyhat.io
// Submitted by Shante Adam <shante@skyhat.io>
bounty-full.com
alpha.bounty-full.com
beta.bounty-full.com
// staticland : https://static.land
// Submitted by Seth Vincent <sethvincent@gmail.com>
static.land
dev.static.land
sites.static.land
// SourceLair PC : https://www.sourcelair.com
// Submitted by Antonis Kalipetis <akalipetis@sourcelair.com>
apps.lair.io
*.stolos.io
// SpaceKit : https://www.spacekit.io/
// Submitted by Reza Akhavan <spacekit.io@gmail.com>
spacekit.io
// SpeedPartner GmbH: https://www.speedpartner.de/
// Submitted by Stefan Neufeind <info@speedpartner.de>
customer.speedpartner.de
// Standard Library : https://stdlib.com
// Submitted by Jacob Lee <jacob@stdlib.com>
api.stdlib.com
// Storj Labs Inc. : https://storj.io/
// Submitted by Philip Hutchins <hostmaster@storj.io>
storj.farm
// Studenten Net Twente : http://www.snt.utwente.nl/
// Submitted by Silke Hofstra <syscom@snt.utwente.nl>
utwente.io
// Sub 6 Limited: http://www.sub6.com
// Submitted by Dan Miller <dm@sub6.com>
temp-dns.com
// Swisscom Application Cloud: https://developer.swisscom.com
// Submitted by Matthias.Winzeler <matthias.winzeler@swisscom.com>
applicationcloud.io
scapp.io
// Synology, Inc. : https://www.synology.com/
// Submitted by Rony Weng <ronyweng@synology.com>
diskstation.me
dscloud.biz
dscloud.me
dscloud.mobi
dsmynas.com
dsmynas.net
dsmynas.org
familyds.com
familyds.net
familyds.org
i234.me
myds.me
synology.me
vpnplus.to
// TAIFUN Software AG : http://taifun-software.de
// Submitted by Bjoern Henke <dev-server@taifun-software.de>
taifun-dns.de
// TASK geographical domains (www.task.gda.pl/uslugi/dns)
gda.pl
gdansk.pl
gdynia.pl
med.pl
sopot.pl
// Telebit : https://telebit.cloud
// Submitted by AJ ONeal <aj@telebit.cloud>
telebit.app
telebit.io
*.telebit.xyz
// The Gwiddle Foundation : https://gwiddlefoundation.org.uk
// Submitted by Joshua Bayfield <joshua.bayfield@gwiddlefoundation.org.uk>
gwiddle.co.uk
// Thingdust AG : https://thingdust.com/
// Submitted by Adrian Imboden <adi@thingdust.com>
cust.dev.thingdust.io
cust.disrec.thingdust.io
cust.prod.thingdust.io
cust.testing.thingdust.io
// TownNews.com : http://www.townnews.com
// Submitted by Dustin Ward <dward@townnews.com>
bloxcms.com
townnews-staging.com
// TrafficPlex GmbH : https://www.trafficplex.de/
// Submitted by Phillipp Röll <phillipp.roell@trafficplex.de>
12hp.at
2ix.at
4lima.at
lima-city.at
12hp.ch
2ix.ch
4lima.ch
lima-city.ch
trafficplex.cloud
de.cool
12hp.de
2ix.de
4lima.de
lima-city.de
1337.pictures
clan.rip
lima-city.rocks
webspace.rocks
lima.zone
// TransIP : https://www.transip.nl
// Submitted by Rory Breuk <rbreuk@transip.nl>
*.transurl.be
*.transurl.eu
*.transurl.nl
// TuxFamily : http://tuxfamily.org
// Submitted by TuxFamily administrators <adm@staff.tuxfamily.org>
tuxfamily.org
// TwoDNS : https://www.twodns.de/
// Submitted by TwoDNS-Support <support@two-dns.de>
dd-dns.de
diskstation.eu
diskstation.org
dray-dns.de
draydns.de
dyn-vpn.de
dynvpn.de
mein-vigor.de
my-vigor.de
my-wan.de
syno-ds.de
synology-diskstation.de
synology-ds.de
// Uberspace : https://uberspace.de
// Submitted by Moritz Werner <mwerner@jonaspasche.com>
uber.space
*.uberspace.de
// UDR Limited : http://www.udr.hk.com
// Submitted by registry <hostmaster@udr.hk.com>
hk.com
hk.org
ltd.hk
inc.hk
// United Gameserver GmbH : https://united-gameserver.de
// Submitted by Stefan Schwarz <sysadm@united-gameserver.de>
virtualuser.de
virtual-user.de
// .US
// Submitted by Ed Moore <Ed.Moore@lib.de.us>
lib.de.us
// VeryPositive SIA : http://very.lv
// Submitted by Danko Aleksejevs <danko@very.lv>
2038.io
// Viprinet Europe GmbH : http://www.viprinet.com
// Submitted by Simon Kissel <hostmaster@viprinet.com>
router.management
// Virtual-Info : https://www.virtual-info.info/
// Submitted by Adnan RIHAN <hostmaster@v-info.info>
v-info.info
// WeDeploy by Liferay, Inc. : https://www.wedeploy.com
// Submitted by Henrique Vicente <security@wedeploy.com>
wedeploy.io
wedeploy.me
wedeploy.sh
// Western Digital Technologies, Inc : https://www.wdc.com
// Submitted by Jung Jin <jungseok.jin@wdc.com>
remotewd.com
// Wikimedia Labs : https://wikitech.wikimedia.org
// Submitted by Yuvi Panda <yuvipanda@wikimedia.org>
wmflabs.org
// XenonCloud GbR: https://xenoncloud.net
// Submitted by Julian Uphoff <publicsuffixlist@xenoncloud.net>
half.host
// XnBay Technology : http://www.xnbay.com/
// Submitted by XnBay Developer <developer.xncloud@gmail.com>
xnbay.com
u2.xnbay.com
u2-local.xnbay.com
// XS4ALL Internet bv : https://www.xs4all.nl/
// Submitted by Daniel Mostertman <unixbeheer+publicsuffix@xs4all.net>
cistron.nl
demon.nl
xs4all.space
// YesCourse Pty Ltd : https://yescourse.com
// Submitted by Atul Bhouraskar <atul@yescourse.com>
official.academy
// Yola : https://www.yola.com/
// Submitted by Stefano Rivera <stefano@yola.com>
yolasite.com
// Yombo : https://yombo.net
// Submitted by Mitch Schwenk <mitch@yombo.net>
ybo.faith
yombo.me
homelink.one
ybo.party
ybo.review
ybo.science
ybo.trade
// Yunohost : https://yunohost.org
// Submitted by Valentin Grimaud <security@yunohost.org>
nohost.me
noho.st
// ZaNiC : http://www.za.net/
// Submitted by registry <hostmaster@nic.za.net>
za.net
za.org
// Zeit, Inc. : https://zeit.domains/
// Submitted by Olli Vanhoja <olli@zeit.co>
now.sh
// Zine EOOD : https://zine.bg/
// Submitted by Martin Angelov <martin@zine.bg>
bss.design
// Zone.id : https://zone.id/
// Submitted by Su Hendro <admin@zone.id>
zone.id
// ===END PRIVATE DOMAINS===
END_BUILTIN_DATA
1;
Socket/SSL/Utils.pm 0000644 00000051375 15051135233 0010104 0 ustar 00
package IO::Socket::SSL::Utils;
use strict;
use warnings;
use Carp 'croak';
use Net::SSLeay;
# old versions of Exporter do not export 'import' yet
require Exporter;
*import = \&Exporter::import;
our $VERSION = '2.014';
our @EXPORT = qw(
PEM_file2cert PEM_string2cert PEM_cert2file PEM_cert2string
PEM_file2key PEM_string2key PEM_key2file PEM_key2string
KEY_free CERT_free
KEY_create_rsa CERT_asHash CERT_create
);
sub PEM_file2cert {
my $file = shift;
my $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new_file($file,'r') or
croak "cannot read $file: $!";
my $cert = Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_X509($bio);
Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio);
$cert or croak "cannot parse $file as PEM X509 cert: ".
Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string(Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error());
return $cert;
}
sub PEM_cert2file {
my ($cert,$file) = @_;
my $string = Net::SSLeay::PEM_get_string_X509($cert)
or croak("cannot get string from cert");
open( my $fh,'>',$file ) or croak("cannot write $file: $!");
print $fh $string;
}
sub PEM_string2cert {
my $string = shift;
my $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new( Net::SSLeay::BIO_s_mem());
Net::SSLeay::BIO_write($bio,$string);
my $cert = Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_X509($bio);
Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio);
$cert or croak "cannot parse string as PEM X509 cert: ".
Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string(Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error());
return $cert;
}
sub PEM_cert2string {
my $cert = shift;
return Net::SSLeay::PEM_get_string_X509($cert)
|| croak("cannot get string from cert");
}
sub PEM_file2key {
my $file = shift;
my $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new_file($file,'r') or
croak "cannot read $file: $!";
my $key = Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey($bio);
Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio);
$key or croak "cannot parse $file as PEM private key: ".
Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string(Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error());
return $key;
}
sub PEM_key2file {
my ($key,$file) = @_;
my $string = Net::SSLeay::PEM_get_string_PrivateKey($key)
or croak("cannot get string from key");
open( my $fh,'>',$file ) or croak("cannot write $file: $!");
print $fh $string;
}
sub PEM_string2key {
my $string = shift;
my $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new( Net::SSLeay::BIO_s_mem());
Net::SSLeay::BIO_write($bio,$string);
my $key = Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey($bio);
Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio);
$key or croak "cannot parse string as PEM private key: ".
Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string(Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error());
return $key;
}
sub PEM_key2string {
my $key = shift;
return Net::SSLeay::PEM_get_string_PrivateKey($key)
|| croak("cannot get string from key");
}
sub CERT_free {
my $cert = shift or return;
Net::SSLeay::X509_free($cert);
}
sub KEY_free {
my $key = shift or return;
Net::SSLeay::EVP_PKEY_free($key);
}
sub KEY_create_rsa {
my $bits = shift || 2048;
my $key = Net::SSLeay::EVP_PKEY_new();
my $rsa = Net::SSLeay::RSA_generate_key($bits, 0x10001); # 0x10001 = RSA_F4
Net::SSLeay::EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA($key,$rsa);
return $key;
}
if (defined &Net::SSLeay::EC_KEY_generate_key) {
push @EXPORT,'KEY_create_ec';
*KEY_create_ec = sub {
my $curve = shift || 'prime256v1';
my $key = Net::SSLeay::EVP_PKEY_new();
my $ec = Net::SSLeay::EC_KEY_generate_key($curve);
Net::SSLeay::EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY($key,$ec);
return $key;
}
}
# extract information from cert
my %gen2i = qw( OTHERNAME 0 EMAIL 1 DNS 2 X400 3 DIRNAME 4 EDIPARTY 5 URI 6 IP 7 RID 8 );
my %i2gen = reverse %gen2i;
sub CERT_asHash {
my $cert = shift;
my $digest_name = shift || 'sha256';
my %hash = (
version => Net::SSLeay::X509_get_version($cert),
not_before => _asn1t2t(Net::SSLeay::X509_get_notBefore($cert)),
not_after => _asn1t2t(Net::SSLeay::X509_get_notAfter($cert)),
serial => Net::SSLeay::P_ASN1_INTEGER_get_dec(
Net::SSLeay::X509_get_serialNumber($cert)),
signature_alg => Net::SSLeay::OBJ_obj2txt (
Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_signature_alg($cert)),
crl_uri => [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_crl_distribution_points($cert) ],
keyusage => [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_key_usage($cert) ],
extkeyusage => {
oid => [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ext_key_usage($cert,0) ],
nid => [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ext_key_usage($cert,1) ],
sn => [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ext_key_usage($cert,2) ],
ln => [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ext_key_usage($cert,3) ],
},
"pubkey_digest_$digest_name" => Net::SSLeay::X509_pubkey_digest(
$cert,_digest($digest_name)),
"x509_digest_$digest_name" => Net::SSLeay::X509_digest(
$cert,_digest($digest_name)),
"fingerprint_$digest_name" => Net::SSLeay::X509_get_fingerprint(
$cert,$digest_name),
);
my $subj = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($cert);
my %subj;
for ( 0..Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_entry_count($subj)-1 ) {
my $e = Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_get_entry($subj,$_);
my $o = Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_object($e);
$subj{ Net::SSLeay::OBJ_obj2txt($o) } =
Net::SSLeay::P_ASN1_STRING_get(
Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_data($e));
}
$hash{subject} = \%subj;
if ( my @names = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subjectAltNames($cert) ) {
my $alt = $hash{subjectAltNames} = [];
while (my ($t,$v) = splice(@names,0,2)) {
$t = $i2gen{$t} || die "unknown type $t in subjectAltName";
if ( $t eq 'IP' ) {
if (length($v) == 4) {
$v = join('.',unpack("CCCC",$v));
} elsif ( length($v) == 16 ) {
my @v = unpack("nnnnnnnn",$v);
my ($best0,$last0);
for(my $i=0;$i<@v;$i++) {
if ($v[$i] == 0) {
if ($last0) {
$last0->[1] = $i;
$last0->[2]++;
$best0 = $last0 if ++$last0->[2]>$best0->[2];
} else {
$last0 = [ $i,$i,0 ];
$best0 ||= $last0;
}
} else {
$last0 = undef;
}
}
if ($best0) {
$v = '';
$v .= join(':', map { sprintf( "%x",$_) } @v[0..$best0->[0]-1]) if $best0->[0]>0;
$v .= '::';
$v .= join(':', map { sprintf( "%x",$_) } @v[$best0->[1]+1..$#v]) if $best0->[1]<$#v;
} else {
$v = join(':', map { sprintf( "%x",$_) } @v);
}
}
}
push @$alt,[$t,$v]
}
}
my $issuer = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_issuer_name($cert);
my %issuer;
for ( 0..Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_entry_count($issuer)-1 ) {
my $e = Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_get_entry($issuer,$_);
my $o = Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_object($e);
$issuer{ Net::SSLeay::OBJ_obj2txt($o) } =
Net::SSLeay::P_ASN1_STRING_get(
Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_data($e));
}
$hash{issuer} = \%issuer;
my @ext;
for( 0..Net::SSLeay::X509_get_ext_count($cert)-1 ) {
my $e = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_ext($cert,$_);
my $o = Net::SSLeay::X509_EXTENSION_get_object($e);
my $nid = Net::SSLeay::OBJ_obj2nid($o);
push @ext, {
oid => Net::SSLeay::OBJ_obj2txt($o),
nid => ( $nid > 0 ) ? $nid : undef,
sn => ( $nid > 0 ) ? Net::SSLeay::OBJ_nid2sn($nid) : undef,
critical => Net::SSLeay::X509_EXTENSION_get_critical($e),
data => Net::SSLeay::X509V3_EXT_print($e),
}
}
$hash{ext} = \@ext;
if ( defined(&Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ocsp_uri)) {
$hash{ocsp_uri} = [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ocsp_uri($cert) ];
} else {
$hash{ocsp_uri} = [];
for( @ext ) {
$_->{sn} or next;
$_->{sn} eq 'authorityInfoAccess' or next;
push @{ $hash{ocsp_uri}}, $_->{data} =~m{\bOCSP - URI:(\S+)}g;
}
}
return \%hash;
}
sub CERT_create {
my %args = @_%2 ? %{ shift() } : @_;
my $cert = Net::SSLeay::X509_new();
my $digest_name = delete $args{digest} || 'sha256';
Net::SSLeay::ASN1_INTEGER_set(
Net::SSLeay::X509_get_serialNumber($cert),
delete $args{serial} || rand(2**32),
);
# version default to 2 (V3)
Net::SSLeay::X509_set_version($cert,
delete $args{version} || 2 );
# not_before default to now
Net::SSLeay::ASN1_TIME_set(
Net::SSLeay::X509_get_notBefore($cert),
delete $args{not_before} || time()
);
# not_after default to now+365 days
Net::SSLeay::ASN1_TIME_set(
Net::SSLeay::X509_get_notAfter($cert),
delete $args{not_after} || time() + 365*86400
);
# set subject
my $subj_e = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($cert);
my $subj = delete $args{subject} || {
organizationName => 'IO::Socket::SSL',
commonName => 'IO::Socket::SSL Test'
};
while ( my ($k,$v) = each %$subj ) {
# Not everything we get is nice - try with MBSTRING_UTF8 first and if it
# fails try V_ASN1_T61STRING and finally V_ASN1_OCTET_STRING
Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt($subj_e,$k,0x1000,$v,-1,0)
or Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt($subj_e,$k,20,$v,-1,0)
or Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt($subj_e,$k,4,$v,-1,0)
or croak("failed to add entry for $k - ".
Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string(Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error()));
}
my @ext = (
&Net::SSLeay::NID_subject_key_identifier => 'hash',
&Net::SSLeay::NID_authority_key_identifier => 'keyid',
);
if ( my $altsubj = delete $args{subjectAltNames} ) {
push @ext,
&Net::SSLeay::NID_subject_alt_name =>
join(',', map { "$_->[0]:$_->[1]" } @$altsubj)
}
my $key = delete $args{key} || KEY_create_rsa();
Net::SSLeay::X509_set_pubkey($cert,$key);
my $is = delete $args{issuer};
my $issuer_cert = delete $args{issuer_cert} || $is && $is->[0] || $cert;
my $issuer_key = delete $args{issuer_key} || $is && $is->[1] || $key;
my %purpose;
if (my $p = delete $args{purpose}) {
if (!ref($p)) {
$purpose{lc($2)} = (!$1 || $1 eq '+') ? 1:0
while $p =~m{([+-]?)(\w+)}g;
} elsif (ref($p) eq 'ARRAY') {
for(@$p) {
m{^([+-]?)(\w+)$} or die "invalid entry in purpose: $_";
$purpose{lc($2)} = (!$1 || $1 eq '+') ? 1:0
}
} else {
while( my ($k,$v) = each %$p) {
$purpose{lc($k)} = ($v && $v ne '-')?1:0;
}
}
}
if (delete $args{CA}) {
# add defaults for CA
%purpose = (
ca => 1, sslca => 1, emailca => 1, objca => 1,
%purpose
);
}
if (!%purpose) {
%purpose = (server => 1, client => 1);
}
my (%key_usage,%ext_key_usage,%cert_type,%basic_constraints);
my %dS = ( digitalSignature => \%key_usage );
my %kE = ( keyEncipherment => \%key_usage );
my %CA = ( 'CA:TRUE' => \%basic_constraints, %dS, keyCertSign => \%key_usage );
my @disable;
for(
[ client => { %dS, %kE, clientAuth => \%ext_key_usage, client => \%cert_type } ],
[ server => { %dS, %kE, serverAuth => \%ext_key_usage, server => \%cert_type } ],
[ email => { %dS, %kE, emailProtection => \%ext_key_usage, email => \%cert_type } ],
[ objsign => { %dS, %kE, codeSigning => \%ext_key_usage, objsign => \%cert_type } ],
[ CA => { %CA }],
[ sslCA => { %CA, sslCA => \%cert_type }],
[ emailCA => { %CA, emailCA => \%cert_type }],
[ objCA => { %CA, objCA => \%cert_type }],
[ emailProtection => { %dS, %kE, emailProtection => \%ext_key_usage, email => \%cert_type } ],
[ codeSigning => { %dS, %kE, codeSigning => \%ext_key_usage, objsign => \%cert_type } ],
[ timeStamping => { timeStamping => \%ext_key_usage } ],
[ digitalSignature => { digitalSignature => \%key_usage } ],
[ nonRepudiation => { nonRepudiation => \%key_usage } ],
[ keyEncipherment => { keyEncipherment => \%key_usage } ],
[ dataEncipherment => { dataEncipherment => \%key_usage } ],
[ keyAgreement => { keyAgreement => \%key_usage } ],
[ keyCertSign => { keyCertSign => \%key_usage } ],
[ cRLSign => { cRLSign => \%key_usage } ],
[ encipherOnly => { encipherOnly => \%key_usage } ],
[ decipherOnly => { decipherOnly => \%key_usage } ],
[ clientAuth => { clientAuth => \%ext_key_usage } ],
[ serverAuth => { serverAuth => \%ext_key_usage } ],
) {
exists $purpose{lc($_->[0])} or next;
if (delete $purpose{lc($_->[0])}) {
while (my($k,$h) = each %{$_->[1]}) {
$h->{$k} = 1;
}
} else {
push @disable, $_->[1];
}
}
die "unknown purpose ".join(",",keys %purpose) if %purpose;
for(@disable) {
while (my($k,$h) = each %$_) {
delete $h->{$k};
}
}
if (%basic_constraints) {
push @ext,&Net::SSLeay::NID_basic_constraints,
=> join(",",'critical', sort keys %basic_constraints);
} else {
push @ext, &Net::SSLeay::NID_basic_constraints => 'critical,CA:FALSE';
}
push @ext,&Net::SSLeay::NID_key_usage
=> join(",",'critical', sort keys %key_usage) if %key_usage;
push @ext,&Net::SSLeay::NID_netscape_cert_type
=> join(",",sort keys %cert_type) if %cert_type;
push @ext,&Net::SSLeay::NID_ext_key_usage
=> join(",",sort keys %ext_key_usage) if %ext_key_usage;
Net::SSLeay::P_X509_add_extensions($cert, $issuer_cert, @ext);
my %have_ext;
for(my $i=0;$i<@ext;$i+=2) {
$have_ext{ $ext[$i] }++
}
for my $ext (@{ $args{ext} || [] }) {
my $nid = $ext->{nid}
|| $ext->{sn} && Net::SSLeay::OBJ_sn2nid($ext->{sn})
|| croak "cannot determine NID of extension";
$have_ext{$nid} and next;
my $val = $ext->{data};
if ($nid == 177) {
# authorityInfoAccess:
# OpenSSL i2v does not output the same way as expected by i2v :(
for (split(/\n/,$val)) {
s{ - }{;}; # "OCSP - URI:..." -> "OCSP;URI:..."
$_ = "critical,$_" if $ext->{critical};
Net::SSLeay::P_X509_add_extensions($cert,$issuer_cert,$nid,$_);
}
} else {
$val = "critical,$val" if $ext->{critical};
Net::SSLeay::P_X509_add_extensions($cert, $issuer_cert, $nid, $val);
}
}
Net::SSLeay::X509_set_issuer_name($cert,
Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($issuer_cert));
Net::SSLeay::X509_sign($cert,$issuer_key,_digest($digest_name));
return ($cert,$key);
}
if ( defined &Net::SSLeay::ASN1_TIME_timet ) {
*_asn1t2t = \&Net::SSLeay::ASN1_TIME_timet
} else {
require Time::Local;
my %mon2i = qw(
Jan 0 Feb 1 Mar 2 Apr 3 May 4 Jun 5
Jul 6 Aug 7 Sep 8 Oct 9 Nov 10 Dec 11
);
*_asn1t2t = sub {
my $t = Net::SSLeay::P_ASN1_TIME_put2string( shift );
my ($mon,$d,$h,$m,$s,$y,$tz) = split(/[\s:]+/,$t);
defined( $mon = $mon2i{$mon} ) or die "invalid month in $t";
$tz ||= $y =~s{^(\d+)([A-Z]\S*)}{$1} && $2;
if ( ! $tz ) {
return Time::Local::timelocal($s,$m,$h,$d,$mon,$y)
} elsif ( $tz eq 'GMT' ) {
return Time::Local::timegm($s,$m,$h,$d,$mon,$y)
} else {
die "unexpected TZ $tz from ASN1_TIME_print";
}
}
}
{
my %digest;
sub _digest {
my $digest_name = shift;
return $digest{$digest_name} ||= do {
Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms();
Net::SSLeay::EVP_get_digestbyname($digest_name)
or die "Digest algorithm $digest_name is not available";
};
}
}
1;
__END__
=head1 NAME
IO::Socket::SSL::Utils -- loading, storing, creating certificates and keys
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use IO::Socket::SSL::Utils;
my $cert = PEM_file2cert('cert.pem'); # load certificate from file
my $string = PEM_cert2string($cert); # convert certificate to PEM string
CERT_free($cert); # free memory within OpenSSL
my $key = KEY_create_rsa(2048); # create new 2048-bit RSA key
PEM_string2file($key,"key.pem"); # and write it to file
KEY_free($key); # free memory within OpenSSL
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This module provides various utility functions to work with certificates and
private keys, shielding some of the complexity of the underlying Net::SSLeay and
OpenSSL.
=head1 FUNCTIONS
=over 4
=item *
Functions converting between string or file and certificates and keys.
They croak if the operation cannot be completed.
=over 8
=item PEM_file2cert(file) -> cert
=item PEM_cert2file(cert,file)
=item PEM_string2cert(string) -> cert
=item PEM_cert2string(cert) -> string
=item PEM_file2key(file) -> key
=item PEM_key2file(key,file)
=item PEM_string2key(string) -> key
=item PEM_key2string(key) -> string
=back
=item *
Functions for cleaning up.
Each loaded or created cert and key must be freed to not leak memory.
=over 8
=item CERT_free(cert)
=item KEY_free(key)
=back
=item * KEY_create_rsa(bits) -> key
Creates an RSA key pair, bits defaults to 2048.
=item * KEY_create_ec(curve) -> key
Creates an EC key, curve defaults to C<prime256v1>.
=item * CERT_asHash(cert,[digest_algo]) -> hash
Extracts the information from the certificate into a hash and uses the given
digest_algo (default: SHA-256) to determine digest of pubkey and cert.
The resulting hash contains:
=over 8
=item subject
Hash with the parts of the subject, e.g. commonName, countryName,
organizationName, stateOrProvinceName, localityName.
=item subjectAltNames
Array with list of alternative names. Each entry in the list is of
C<[type,value]>, where C<type> can be OTHERNAME, EMAIL, DNS, X400, DIRNAME,
EDIPARTY, URI, IP or RID.
=item issuer
Hash with the parts of the issuer, e.g. commonName, countryName,
organizationName, stateOrProvinceName, localityName.
=item not_before, not_after
The time frame, where the certificate is valid, as time_t, e.g. can be converted
with localtime or similar functions.
=item serial
The serial number
=item crl_uri
List of URIs for CRL distribution.
=item ocsp_uri
List of URIs for revocation checking using OCSP.
=item keyusage
List of keyUsage information in the certificate.
=item extkeyusage
List of extended key usage information from the certificate. Each entry in
this list consists of a hash with oid, nid, ln and sn.
=item pubkey_digest_xxx
Binary digest of the pubkey using the given digest algorithm, e.g.
pubkey_digest_sha256 if (the default) SHA-256 was used.
=item x509_digest_xxx
Binary digest of the X.509 certificate using the given digest algorithm, e.g.
x509_digest_sha256 if (the default) SHA-256 was used.
=item fingerprint_xxx
Fingerprint of the certificate using the given digest algorithm, e.g.
fingerprint_sha256 if (the default) SHA-256 was used. Contrary to digest_* this
is an ASCII string with a list if hexadecimal numbers, e.g.
"73:59:75:5C:6D...".
=item signature_alg
Algorithm used to sign certificate, e.g. C<sha256WithRSAEncryption>.
=item ext
List of extensions.
Each entry in the list is a hash with oid, nid, sn, critical flag (boolean) and
data (string representation given by X509V3_EXT_print).
=item version
Certificate version, usually 2 (x509v3)
=back
=item * CERT_create(hash) -> (cert,key)
Creates a certificate based on the given hash.
If the issuer is not specified the certificate will be self-signed.
The following keys can be given:
=over 8
=item subject
Hash with the parts of the subject, e.g. commonName, countryName, ... as
described in C<CERT_asHash>.
Default points to IO::Socket::SSL.
=item not_before
A time_t value when the certificate starts to be valid. Defaults to current
time.
=item not_after
A time_t value when the certificate ends to be valid. Defaults to current
time plus one 365 days.
=item serial
The serial number. If not given a random number will be used.
=item version
The version of the certificate, default 2 (x509v3).
=item CA true|false
If true declare certificate as CA, defaults to false.
=item purpose string|array|hash
Set the purpose of the certificate.
The different purposes can be given as a string separated by non-word character,
as array or hash. With string or array each purpose can be prefixed with '+'
(enable) or '-' (disable) and same can be done with the value when given as a
hash. By default enabling the purpose is assumed.
If the CA option is given and true the defaults "ca,sslca,emailca,objca" are
assumed, but can be overridden with explicit purpose.
If the CA option is given and false the defaults "server,client" are assumed.
If no CA option and no purpose is given it defaults to "server,client".
Purpose affects basicConstraints, keyUsage, extKeyUsage and netscapeCertType.
The following purposes are defined (case is not important):
client
server
email
objsign
CA
sslCA
emailCA
objCA
emailProtection
codeSigning
timeStamping
digitalSignature
nonRepudiation
keyEncipherment
dataEncipherment
keyAgreement
keyCertSign
cRLSign
encipherOnly
decipherOnly
Examples:
# root-CA for SSL certificates
purpose => 'sslCA' # or CA => 1
# server certificate and CA (typically self-signed)
purpose => 'sslCA,server'
# client certificate
purpose => 'client',
=item ext [{ sn => .., data => ... }, ... ]
List of extensions. The type of the extension can be specified as name with
C<sn> or as NID with C<nid> and the data with C<data>. These data must be in the
same syntax as expected within openssl.cnf, e.g. something like
C<OCSP;URI=http://...>. Additionally the critical flag can be set with
C<critical => 1>.
=item key key
use given key as key for certificate, otherwise a new one will be generated and
returned
=item issuer_cert cert
set issuer for new certificate
=item issuer_key key
sign new certificate with given key
=item issuer [ cert, key ]
Instead of giving issuer_key and issuer_cert as separate arguments they can be
given both together.
=item digest algorithm
specify the algorithm used to sign the certificate, default SHA-256.
=back
=back
=head1 AUTHOR
Steffen Ullrich
Socket/IP.pm 0000644 00000116465 15051135233 0006655 0 ustar 00 # You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public License
# or the Artistic License (the same terms as Perl itself)
#
# (C) Paul Evans, 2010-2015 -- leonerd@leonerd.org.uk
package IO::Socket::IP;
# $VERSION needs to be set before use base 'IO::Socket'
# - https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=92107
BEGIN {
$VERSION = '0.39';
}
use strict;
use warnings;
use base qw( IO::Socket );
use Carp;
use Socket 1.97 qw(
getaddrinfo getnameinfo
sockaddr_family
AF_INET
AI_PASSIVE
IPPROTO_TCP IPPROTO_UDP
IPPROTO_IPV6 IPV6_V6ONLY
NI_DGRAM NI_NUMERICHOST NI_NUMERICSERV NIx_NOHOST NIx_NOSERV
SO_REUSEADDR SO_REUSEPORT SO_BROADCAST SO_ERROR
SOCK_DGRAM SOCK_STREAM
SOL_SOCKET
);
my $AF_INET6 = eval { Socket::AF_INET6() }; # may not be defined
my $AI_ADDRCONFIG = eval { Socket::AI_ADDRCONFIG() } || 0;
use POSIX qw( dup2 );
use Errno qw( EINVAL EINPROGRESS EISCONN ENOTCONN ETIMEDOUT EWOULDBLOCK EOPNOTSUPP );
use constant HAVE_MSWIN32 => ( $^O eq "MSWin32" );
# At least one OS (Android) is known not to have getprotobyname()
use constant HAVE_GETPROTOBYNAME => defined eval { getprotobyname( "tcp" ) };
my $IPv6_re = do {
# translation of RFC 3986 3.2.2 ABNF to re
my $IPv4address = do {
my $dec_octet = q<(?:[0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])>;
qq<$dec_octet(?: \\. $dec_octet){3}>;
};
my $IPv6address = do {
my $h16 = qq<[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}>;
my $ls32 = qq<(?: $h16 : $h16 | $IPv4address)>;
qq<(?:
(?: $h16 : ){6} $ls32
| :: (?: $h16 : ){5} $ls32
| (?: $h16 )? :: (?: $h16 : ){4} $ls32
| (?: (?: $h16 : ){0,1} $h16 )? :: (?: $h16 : ){3} $ls32
| (?: (?: $h16 : ){0,2} $h16 )? :: (?: $h16 : ){2} $ls32
| (?: (?: $h16 : ){0,3} $h16 )? :: $h16 : $ls32
| (?: (?: $h16 : ){0,4} $h16 )? :: $ls32
| (?: (?: $h16 : ){0,5} $h16 )? :: $h16
| (?: (?: $h16 : ){0,6} $h16 )? ::
)>
};
qr<$IPv6address>xo;
};
=head1 NAME
C<IO::Socket::IP> - Family-neutral IP socket supporting both IPv4 and IPv6
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use IO::Socket::IP;
my $sock = IO::Socket::IP->new(
PeerHost => "www.google.com",
PeerPort => "http",
Type => SOCK_STREAM,
) or die "Cannot construct socket - $@";
my $familyname = ( $sock->sockdomain == PF_INET6 ) ? "IPv6" :
( $sock->sockdomain == PF_INET ) ? "IPv4" :
"unknown";
printf "Connected to google via %s\n", $familyname;
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This module provides a protocol-independent way to use IPv4 and IPv6 sockets,
intended as a replacement for L<IO::Socket::INET>. Most constructor arguments
and methods are provided in a backward-compatible way. For a list of known
differences, see the C<IO::Socket::INET> INCOMPATIBILITES section below.
It uses the C<getaddrinfo(3)> function to convert hostnames and service names
or port numbers into sets of possible addresses to connect to or listen on.
This allows it to work for IPv6 where the system supports it, while still
falling back to IPv4-only on systems which don't.
=head1 REPLACING C<IO::Socket> DEFAULT BEHAVIOUR
By placing C<-register> in the import list, L<IO::Socket> uses
C<IO::Socket::IP> rather than C<IO::Socket::INET> as the class that handles
C<PF_INET>. C<IO::Socket> will also use C<IO::Socket::IP> rather than
C<IO::Socket::INET6> to handle C<PF_INET6>, provided that the C<AF_INET6>
constant is available.
Changing C<IO::Socket>'s default behaviour means that calling the
C<IO::Socket> constructor with either C<PF_INET> or C<PF_INET6> as the
C<Domain> parameter will yield an C<IO::Socket::IP> object.
use IO::Socket::IP -register;
my $sock = IO::Socket->new(
Domain => PF_INET6,
LocalHost => "::1",
Listen => 1,
) or die "Cannot create socket - $@\n";
print "Created a socket of type " . ref($sock) . "\n";
Note that C<-register> is a global setting that applies to the entire program;
it cannot be applied only for certain callers, removed, or limited by lexical
scope.
=cut
sub import
{
my $pkg = shift;
my @symbols;
foreach ( @_ ) {
if( $_ eq "-register" ) {
IO::Socket::IP::_ForINET->register_domain( AF_INET );
IO::Socket::IP::_ForINET6->register_domain( $AF_INET6 ) if defined $AF_INET6;
}
else {
push @symbols, $_;
}
}
@_ = ( $pkg, @symbols );
goto &IO::Socket::import;
}
# Convenient capability test function
{
my $can_disable_v6only;
sub CAN_DISABLE_V6ONLY
{
return $can_disable_v6only if defined $can_disable_v6only;
socket my $testsock, Socket::PF_INET6(), SOCK_STREAM, 0 or
die "Cannot socket(PF_INET6) - $!";
if( setsockopt $testsock, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY, 0 ) {
return $can_disable_v6only = 1;
}
elsif( $! == EINVAL || $! == EOPNOTSUPP ) {
return $can_disable_v6only = 0;
}
else {
die "Cannot setsockopt() - $!";
}
}
}
=head1 CONSTRUCTORS
=cut
=head2 $sock = IO::Socket::IP->new( %args )
Creates a new C<IO::Socket::IP> object, containing a newly created socket
handle according to the named arguments passed. The recognised arguments are:
=over 8
=item PeerHost => STRING
=item PeerService => STRING
Hostname and service name for the peer to C<connect()> to. The service name
may be given as a port number, as a decimal string.
=item PeerAddr => STRING
=item PeerPort => STRING
For symmetry with the accessor methods and compatibility with
C<IO::Socket::INET>, these are accepted as synonyms for C<PeerHost> and
C<PeerService> respectively.
=item PeerAddrInfo => ARRAY
Alternate form of specifying the peer to C<connect()> to. This should be an
array of the form returned by C<Socket::getaddrinfo>.
This parameter takes precedence over the C<Peer*>, C<Family>, C<Type> and
C<Proto> arguments.
=item LocalHost => STRING
=item LocalService => STRING
Hostname and service name for the local address to C<bind()> to.
=item LocalAddr => STRING
=item LocalPort => STRING
For symmetry with the accessor methods and compatibility with
C<IO::Socket::INET>, these are accepted as synonyms for C<LocalHost> and
C<LocalService> respectively.
=item LocalAddrInfo => ARRAY
Alternate form of specifying the local address to C<bind()> to. This should be
an array of the form returned by C<Socket::getaddrinfo>.
This parameter takes precedence over the C<Local*>, C<Family>, C<Type> and
C<Proto> arguments.
=item Family => INT
The address family to pass to C<getaddrinfo> (e.g. C<AF_INET>, C<AF_INET6>).
Normally this will be left undefined, and C<getaddrinfo> will search using any
address family supported by the system.
=item Type => INT
The socket type to pass to C<getaddrinfo> (e.g. C<SOCK_STREAM>,
C<SOCK_DGRAM>). Normally defined by the caller; if left undefined
C<getaddrinfo> may attempt to infer the type from the service name.
=item Proto => STRING or INT
The IP protocol to use for the socket (e.g. C<'tcp'>, C<IPPROTO_TCP>,
C<'udp'>,C<IPPROTO_UDP>). Normally this will be left undefined, and either
C<getaddrinfo> or the kernel will choose an appropriate value. May be given
either in string name or numeric form.
=item GetAddrInfoFlags => INT
More flags to pass to the C<getaddrinfo()> function. If not supplied, a
default of C<AI_ADDRCONFIG> will be used.
These flags will be combined with C<AI_PASSIVE> if the C<Listen> argument is
given. For more information see the documentation about C<getaddrinfo()> in
the L<Socket> module.
=item Listen => INT
If defined, puts the socket into listening mode where new connections can be
accepted using the C<accept> method. The value given is used as the
C<listen(2)> queue size.
=item ReuseAddr => BOOL
If true, set the C<SO_REUSEADDR> sockopt
=item ReusePort => BOOL
If true, set the C<SO_REUSEPORT> sockopt (not all OSes implement this sockopt)
=item Broadcast => BOOL
If true, set the C<SO_BROADCAST> sockopt
=item Sockopts => ARRAY
An optional array of other socket options to apply after the three listed
above. The value is an ARRAY containing 2- or 3-element ARRAYrefs. Each inner
array relates to a single option, giving the level and option name, and an
optional value. If the value element is missing, it will be given the value of
a platform-sized integer 1 constant (i.e. suitable to enable most of the
common boolean options).
For example, both options given below are equivalent to setting C<ReuseAddr>.
Sockopts => [
[ SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR ],
[ SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, pack( "i", 1 ) ],
]
=item V6Only => BOOL
If defined, set the C<IPV6_V6ONLY> sockopt when creating C<PF_INET6> sockets
to the given value. If true, a listening-mode socket will only listen on the
C<AF_INET6> addresses; if false it will also accept connections from
C<AF_INET> addresses.
If not defined, the socket option will not be changed, and default value set
by the operating system will apply. For repeatable behaviour across platforms
it is recommended this value always be defined for listening-mode sockets.
Note that not all platforms support disabling this option. Some, at least
OpenBSD and MirBSD, will fail with C<EINVAL> if you attempt to disable it.
To determine whether it is possible to disable, you may use the class method
if( IO::Socket::IP->CAN_DISABLE_V6ONLY ) {
...
}
else {
...
}
If your platform does not support disabling this option but you still want to
listen for both C<AF_INET> and C<AF_INET6> connections you will have to create
two listening sockets, one bound to each protocol.
=item MultiHomed
This C<IO::Socket::INET>-style argument is ignored, except if it is defined
but false. See the C<IO::Socket::INET> INCOMPATIBILITES section below.
However, the behaviour it enables is always performed by C<IO::Socket::IP>.
=item Blocking => BOOL
If defined but false, the socket will be set to non-blocking mode. Otherwise
it will default to blocking mode. See the NON-BLOCKING section below for more
detail.
=item Timeout => NUM
If defined, gives a maximum time in seconds to block per C<connect()> call
when in blocking mode. If missing, no timeout is applied other than that
provided by the underlying operating system. When in non-blocking mode this
parameter is ignored.
Note that if the hostname resolves to multiple address candidates, the same
timeout will apply to each connection attempt individually, rather than to the
operation as a whole. Further note that the timeout does not apply to the
initial hostname resolve operation, if connecting by hostname.
This behviour is copied inspired by C<IO::Socket::INET>; for more fine grained
control over connection timeouts, consider performing a nonblocking connect
directly.
=back
If neither C<Type> nor C<Proto> hints are provided, a default of
C<SOCK_STREAM> and C<IPPROTO_TCP> respectively will be set, to maintain
compatibility with C<IO::Socket::INET>. Other named arguments that are not
recognised are ignored.
If neither C<Family> nor any hosts or addresses are passed, nor any
C<*AddrInfo>, then the constructor has no information on which to decide a
socket family to create. In this case, it performs a C<getaddinfo> call with
the C<AI_ADDRCONFIG> flag, no host name, and a service name of C<"0">, and
uses the family of the first returned result.
If the constructor fails, it will set C<$@> to an appropriate error message;
this may be from C<$!> or it may be some other string; not every failure
necessarily has an associated C<errno> value.
=head2 $sock = IO::Socket::IP->new( $peeraddr )
As a special case, if the constructor is passed a single argument (as
opposed to an even-sized list of key/value pairs), it is taken to be the value
of the C<PeerAddr> parameter. This is parsed in the same way, according to the
behaviour given in the C<PeerHost> AND C<LocalHost> PARSING section below.
=cut
sub new
{
my $class = shift;
my %arg = (@_ == 1) ? (PeerHost => $_[0]) : @_;
return $class->SUPER::new(%arg);
}
# IO::Socket may call this one; neaten up the arguments from IO::Socket::INET
# before calling our real _configure method
sub configure
{
my $self = shift;
my ( $arg ) = @_;
$arg->{PeerHost} = delete $arg->{PeerAddr}
if exists $arg->{PeerAddr} && !exists $arg->{PeerHost};
$arg->{PeerService} = delete $arg->{PeerPort}
if exists $arg->{PeerPort} && !exists $arg->{PeerService};
$arg->{LocalHost} = delete $arg->{LocalAddr}
if exists $arg->{LocalAddr} && !exists $arg->{LocalHost};
$arg->{LocalService} = delete $arg->{LocalPort}
if exists $arg->{LocalPort} && !exists $arg->{LocalService};
for my $type (qw(Peer Local)) {
my $host = $type . 'Host';
my $service = $type . 'Service';
if( defined $arg->{$host} ) {
( $arg->{$host}, my $s ) = $self->split_addr( $arg->{$host} );
# IO::Socket::INET compat - *Host parsed port always takes precedence
$arg->{$service} = $s if defined $s;
}
}
$self->_io_socket_ip__configure( $arg );
}
# Avoid simply calling it _configure, as some subclasses of IO::Socket::INET on CPAN already take that
sub _io_socket_ip__configure
{
my $self = shift;
my ( $arg ) = @_;
my %hints;
my @localinfos;
my @peerinfos;
my $listenqueue = $arg->{Listen};
if( defined $listenqueue and
( defined $arg->{PeerHost} || defined $arg->{PeerService} || defined $arg->{PeerAddrInfo} ) ) {
croak "Cannot Listen with a peer address";
}
if( defined $arg->{GetAddrInfoFlags} ) {
$hints{flags} = $arg->{GetAddrInfoFlags};
}
else {
$hints{flags} = $AI_ADDRCONFIG;
}
if( defined( my $family = $arg->{Family} ) ) {
$hints{family} = $family;
}
if( defined( my $type = $arg->{Type} ) ) {
$hints{socktype} = $type;
}
if( defined( my $proto = $arg->{Proto} ) ) {
unless( $proto =~ m/^\d+$/ ) {
my $protonum = HAVE_GETPROTOBYNAME
? getprotobyname( $proto )
: eval { Socket->${\"IPPROTO_\U$proto"}() };
defined $protonum or croak "Unrecognised protocol $proto";
$proto = $protonum;
}
$hints{protocol} = $proto;
}
# To maintain compatibility with IO::Socket::INET, imply a default of
# SOCK_STREAM + IPPROTO_TCP if neither hint is given
if( !defined $hints{socktype} and !defined $hints{protocol} ) {
$hints{socktype} = SOCK_STREAM;
$hints{protocol} = IPPROTO_TCP;
}
# Some OSes (NetBSD) don't seem to like just a protocol hint without a
# socktype hint as well. We'll set a couple of common ones
if( !defined $hints{socktype} and defined $hints{protocol} ) {
$hints{socktype} = SOCK_STREAM if $hints{protocol} == IPPROTO_TCP;
$hints{socktype} = SOCK_DGRAM if $hints{protocol} == IPPROTO_UDP;
}
if( my $info = $arg->{LocalAddrInfo} ) {
ref $info eq "ARRAY" or croak "Expected 'LocalAddrInfo' to be an ARRAY ref";
@localinfos = @$info;
}
elsif( defined $arg->{LocalHost} or
defined $arg->{LocalService} or
HAVE_MSWIN32 and $arg->{Listen} ) {
# Either may be undef
my $host = $arg->{LocalHost};
my $service = $arg->{LocalService};
unless ( defined $host or defined $service ) {
$service = 0;
}
local $1; # Placate a taint-related bug; [perl #67962]
defined $service and $service =~ s/\((\d+)\)$// and
my $fallback_port = $1;
my %localhints = %hints;
$localhints{flags} |= AI_PASSIVE;
( my $err, @localinfos ) = getaddrinfo( $host, $service, \%localhints );
if( $err and defined $fallback_port ) {
( $err, @localinfos ) = getaddrinfo( $host, $fallback_port, \%localhints );
}
if( $err ) {
$@ = "$err";
$! = EINVAL;
return;
}
}
if( my $info = $arg->{PeerAddrInfo} ) {
ref $info eq "ARRAY" or croak "Expected 'PeerAddrInfo' to be an ARRAY ref";
@peerinfos = @$info;
}
elsif( defined $arg->{PeerHost} or defined $arg->{PeerService} ) {
defined( my $host = $arg->{PeerHost} ) or
croak "Expected 'PeerHost'";
defined( my $service = $arg->{PeerService} ) or
croak "Expected 'PeerService'";
local $1; # Placate a taint-related bug; [perl #67962]
defined $service and $service =~ s/\((\d+)\)$// and
my $fallback_port = $1;
( my $err, @peerinfos ) = getaddrinfo( $host, $service, \%hints );
if( $err and defined $fallback_port ) {
( $err, @peerinfos ) = getaddrinfo( $host, $fallback_port, \%hints );
}
if( $err ) {
$@ = "$err";
$! = EINVAL;
return;
}
}
my $INT_1 = pack "i", 1;
my @sockopts_enabled;
push @sockopts_enabled, [ SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, $INT_1 ] if $arg->{ReuseAddr};
push @sockopts_enabled, [ SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT, $INT_1 ] if $arg->{ReusePort};
push @sockopts_enabled, [ SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, $INT_1 ] if $arg->{Broadcast};
if( my $sockopts = $arg->{Sockopts} ) {
ref $sockopts eq "ARRAY" or croak "Expected 'Sockopts' to be an ARRAY ref";
foreach ( @$sockopts ) {
ref $_ eq "ARRAY" or croak "Bad Sockopts item - expected ARRAYref";
@$_ >= 2 and @$_ <= 3 or
croak "Bad Sockopts item - expected 2 or 3 elements";
my ( $level, $optname, $value ) = @$_;
# TODO: consider more sanity checking on argument values
defined $value or $value = $INT_1;
push @sockopts_enabled, [ $level, $optname, $value ];
}
}
my $blocking = $arg->{Blocking};
defined $blocking or $blocking = 1;
my $v6only = $arg->{V6Only};
# IO::Socket::INET defines this key. IO::Socket::IP always implements the
# behaviour it requests, so we can ignore it, unless the caller is for some
# reason asking to disable it.
if( defined $arg->{MultiHomed} and !$arg->{MultiHomed} ) {
croak "Cannot disable the MultiHomed parameter";
}
my @infos;
foreach my $local ( @localinfos ? @localinfos : {} ) {
foreach my $peer ( @peerinfos ? @peerinfos : {} ) {
next if defined $local->{family} and defined $peer->{family} and
$local->{family} != $peer->{family};
next if defined $local->{socktype} and defined $peer->{socktype} and
$local->{socktype} != $peer->{socktype};
next if defined $local->{protocol} and defined $peer->{protocol} and
$local->{protocol} != $peer->{protocol};
my $family = $local->{family} || $peer->{family} or next;
my $socktype = $local->{socktype} || $peer->{socktype} or next;
my $protocol = $local->{protocol} || $peer->{protocol} || 0;
push @infos, {
family => $family,
socktype => $socktype,
protocol => $protocol,
localaddr => $local->{addr},
peeraddr => $peer->{addr},
};
}
}
if( !@infos ) {
# If there was a Family hint then create a plain unbound, unconnected socket
if( defined $hints{family} ) {
@infos = ( {
family => $hints{family},
socktype => $hints{socktype},
protocol => $hints{protocol},
} );
}
# If there wasn't, use getaddrinfo()'s AI_ADDRCONFIG side-effect to guess a
# suitable family first.
else {
( my $err, @infos ) = getaddrinfo( "", "0", \%hints );
if( $err ) {
$@ = "$err";
$! = EINVAL;
return;
}
# We'll take all the @infos anyway, because some OSes (HPUX) are known to
# ignore the AI_ADDRCONFIG hint and return AF_INET6 even if they don't
# support them
}
}
# In the nonblocking case, caller will be calling ->setup multiple times.
# Store configuration in the object for the ->setup method
# Yes, these are messy. Sorry, I can't help that...
${*$self}{io_socket_ip_infos} = \@infos;
${*$self}{io_socket_ip_idx} = -1;
${*$self}{io_socket_ip_sockopts} = \@sockopts_enabled;
${*$self}{io_socket_ip_v6only} = $v6only;
${*$self}{io_socket_ip_listenqueue} = $listenqueue;
${*$self}{io_socket_ip_blocking} = $blocking;
${*$self}{io_socket_ip_errors} = [ undef, undef, undef ];
# ->setup is allowed to return false in nonblocking mode
$self->setup or !$blocking or return undef;
return $self;
}
sub setup
{
my $self = shift;
while(1) {
${*$self}{io_socket_ip_idx}++;
last if ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_idx} >= @{ ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_infos} };
my $info = ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_infos}->[${*$self}{io_socket_ip_idx}];
$self->socket( @{$info}{qw( family socktype protocol )} ) or
( ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_errors}[2] = $!, next );
$self->blocking( 0 ) unless ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_blocking};
foreach my $sockopt ( @{ ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_sockopts} } ) {
my ( $level, $optname, $value ) = @$sockopt;
$self->setsockopt( $level, $optname, $value ) or ( $@ = "$!", return undef );
}
if( defined ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_v6only} and defined $AF_INET6 and $info->{family} == $AF_INET6 ) {
my $v6only = ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_v6only};
$self->setsockopt( IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY, pack "i", $v6only ) or ( $@ = "$!", return undef );
}
if( defined( my $addr = $info->{localaddr} ) ) {
$self->bind( $addr ) or
( ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_errors}[1] = $!, next );
}
if( defined( my $listenqueue = ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_listenqueue} ) ) {
$self->listen( $listenqueue ) or ( $@ = "$!", return undef );
}
if( defined( my $addr = $info->{peeraddr} ) ) {
if( $self->connect( $addr ) ) {
$! = 0;
return 1;
}
if( $! == EINPROGRESS or $! == EWOULDBLOCK ) {
${*$self}{io_socket_ip_connect_in_progress} = 1;
return 0;
}
# If connect failed but we have no system error there must be an error
# at the application layer, like a bad certificate with
# IO::Socket::SSL.
# In this case don't continue IP based multi-homing because the problem
# cannot be solved at the IP layer.
return 0 if ! $!;
${*$self}{io_socket_ip_errors}[0] = $!;
next;
}
return 1;
}
# Pick the most appropriate error, stringified
$! = ( grep defined, @{ ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_errors}} )[0];
$@ = "$!";
return undef;
}
sub connect :method
{
my $self = shift;
# It seems that IO::Socket hides EINPROGRESS errors, making them look like
# a success. This is annoying here.
# Instead of putting up with its frankly-irritating intentional breakage of
# useful APIs I'm just going to end-run around it and call core's connect()
# directly
if( @_ ) {
my ( $addr ) = @_;
# Annoyingly IO::Socket's connect() is where the timeout logic is
# implemented, so we'll have to reinvent it here
my $timeout = ${*$self}{'io_socket_timeout'};
return connect( $self, $addr ) unless defined $timeout;
my $was_blocking = $self->blocking( 0 );
my $err = defined connect( $self, $addr ) ? 0 : $!+0;
if( !$err ) {
# All happy
$self->blocking( $was_blocking );
return 1;
}
elsif( not( $err == EINPROGRESS or $err == EWOULDBLOCK ) ) {
# Failed for some other reason
$self->blocking( $was_blocking );
return undef;
}
elsif( !$was_blocking ) {
# We shouldn't block anyway
return undef;
}
my $vec = ''; vec( $vec, $self->fileno, 1 ) = 1;
if( !select( undef, $vec, $vec, $timeout ) ) {
$self->blocking( $was_blocking );
$! = ETIMEDOUT;
return undef;
}
# Hoist the error by connect()ing a second time
$err = $self->getsockopt( SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR );
$err = 0 if $err == EISCONN; # Some OSes give EISCONN
$self->blocking( $was_blocking );
$! = $err, return undef if $err;
return 1;
}
return 1 if !${*$self}{io_socket_ip_connect_in_progress};
# See if a connect attempt has just failed with an error
if( my $errno = $self->getsockopt( SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR ) ) {
delete ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_connect_in_progress};
${*$self}{io_socket_ip_errors}[0] = $! = $errno;
return $self->setup;
}
# No error, so either connect is still in progress, or has completed
# successfully. We can tell by trying to connect() again; either it will
# succeed or we'll get EISCONN (connected successfully), or EALREADY
# (still in progress). This even works on MSWin32.
my $addr = ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_infos}[${*$self}{io_socket_ip_idx}]{peeraddr};
if( connect( $self, $addr ) or $! == EISCONN ) {
delete ${*$self}{io_socket_ip_connect_in_progress};
$! = 0;
return 1;
}
else {
$! = EINPROGRESS;
return 0;
}
}
sub connected
{
my $self = shift;
return defined $self->fileno &&
!${*$self}{io_socket_ip_connect_in_progress} &&
defined getpeername( $self ); # ->peername caches, we need to detect disconnection
}
=head1 METHODS
As well as the following methods, this class inherits all the methods in
L<IO::Socket> and L<IO::Handle>.
=cut
sub _get_host_service
{
my $self = shift;
my ( $addr, $flags, $xflags ) = @_;
defined $addr or
$! = ENOTCONN, return;
$flags |= NI_DGRAM if $self->socktype == SOCK_DGRAM;
my ( $err, $host, $service ) = getnameinfo( $addr, $flags, $xflags || 0 );
croak "getnameinfo - $err" if $err;
return ( $host, $service );
}
sub _unpack_sockaddr
{
my ( $addr ) = @_;
my $family = sockaddr_family $addr;
if( $family == AF_INET ) {
return ( Socket::unpack_sockaddr_in( $addr ) )[1];
}
elsif( defined $AF_INET6 and $family == $AF_INET6 ) {
return ( Socket::unpack_sockaddr_in6( $addr ) )[1];
}
else {
croak "Unrecognised address family $family";
}
}
=head2 ( $host, $service ) = $sock->sockhost_service( $numeric )
Returns the hostname and service name of the local address (that is, the
socket address given by the C<sockname> method).
If C<$numeric> is true, these will be given in numeric form rather than being
resolved into names.
The following four convenience wrappers may be used to obtain one of the two
values returned here. If both host and service names are required, this method
is preferable to the following wrappers, because it will call
C<getnameinfo(3)> only once.
=cut
sub sockhost_service
{
my $self = shift;
my ( $numeric ) = @_;
$self->_get_host_service( $self->sockname, $numeric ? NI_NUMERICHOST|NI_NUMERICSERV : 0 );
}
=head2 $addr = $sock->sockhost
Return the numeric form of the local address as a textual representation
=head2 $port = $sock->sockport
Return the numeric form of the local port number
=head2 $host = $sock->sockhostname
Return the resolved name of the local address
=head2 $service = $sock->sockservice
Return the resolved name of the local port number
=cut
sub sockhost { my $self = shift; scalar +( $self->_get_host_service( $self->sockname, NI_NUMERICHOST, NIx_NOSERV ) )[0] }
sub sockport { my $self = shift; scalar +( $self->_get_host_service( $self->sockname, NI_NUMERICSERV, NIx_NOHOST ) )[1] }
sub sockhostname { my $self = shift; scalar +( $self->_get_host_service( $self->sockname, 0, NIx_NOSERV ) )[0] }
sub sockservice { my $self = shift; scalar +( $self->_get_host_service( $self->sockname, 0, NIx_NOHOST ) )[1] }
=head2 $addr = $sock->sockaddr
Return the local address as a binary octet string
=cut
sub sockaddr { my $self = shift; _unpack_sockaddr $self->sockname }
=head2 ( $host, $service ) = $sock->peerhost_service( $numeric )
Returns the hostname and service name of the peer address (that is, the
socket address given by the C<peername> method), similar to the
C<sockhost_service> method.
The following four convenience wrappers may be used to obtain one of the two
values returned here. If both host and service names are required, this method
is preferable to the following wrappers, because it will call
C<getnameinfo(3)> only once.
=cut
sub peerhost_service
{
my $self = shift;
my ( $numeric ) = @_;
$self->_get_host_service( $self->peername, $numeric ? NI_NUMERICHOST|NI_NUMERICSERV : 0 );
}
=head2 $addr = $sock->peerhost
Return the numeric form of the peer address as a textual representation
=head2 $port = $sock->peerport
Return the numeric form of the peer port number
=head2 $host = $sock->peerhostname
Return the resolved name of the peer address
=head2 $service = $sock->peerservice
Return the resolved name of the peer port number
=cut
sub peerhost { my $self = shift; scalar +( $self->_get_host_service( $self->peername, NI_NUMERICHOST, NIx_NOSERV ) )[0] }
sub peerport { my $self = shift; scalar +( $self->_get_host_service( $self->peername, NI_NUMERICSERV, NIx_NOHOST ) )[1] }
sub peerhostname { my $self = shift; scalar +( $self->_get_host_service( $self->peername, 0, NIx_NOSERV ) )[0] }
sub peerservice { my $self = shift; scalar +( $self->_get_host_service( $self->peername, 0, NIx_NOHOST ) )[1] }
=head2 $addr = $peer->peeraddr
Return the peer address as a binary octet string
=cut
sub peeraddr { my $self = shift; _unpack_sockaddr $self->peername }
# This unbelievably dodgy hack works around the bug that IO::Socket doesn't do
# it
# https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=61577
sub accept
{
my $self = shift;
my ( $new, $peer ) = $self->SUPER::accept( @_ ) or return;
${*$new}{$_} = ${*$self}{$_} for qw( io_socket_domain io_socket_type io_socket_proto );
return wantarray ? ( $new, $peer )
: $new;
}
# This second unbelievably dodgy hack guarantees that $self->fileno doesn't
# change, which is useful during nonblocking connect
sub socket :method
{
my $self = shift;
return $self->SUPER::socket(@_) if not defined $self->fileno;
# I hate core prototypes sometimes...
socket( my $tmph, $_[0], $_[1], $_[2] ) or return undef;
dup2( $tmph->fileno, $self->fileno ) or die "Unable to dup2 $tmph onto $self - $!";
}
# Versions of IO::Socket before 1.35 may leave socktype undef if from, say, an
# ->fdopen call. In this case we'll apply a fix
BEGIN {
if( eval($IO::Socket::VERSION) < 1.35 ) {
*socktype = sub {
my $self = shift;
my $type = $self->SUPER::socktype;
if( !defined $type ) {
$type = $self->sockopt( Socket::SO_TYPE() );
}
return $type;
};
}
}
=head2 $inet = $sock->as_inet
Returns a new L<IO::Socket::INET> instance wrapping the same filehandle. This
may be useful in cases where it is required, for backward-compatibility, to
have a real object of C<IO::Socket::INET> type instead of C<IO::Socket::IP>.
The new object will wrap the same underlying socket filehandle as the
original, so care should be taken not to continue to use both objects
concurrently. Ideally the original C<$sock> should be discarded after this
method is called.
This method checks that the socket domain is C<PF_INET> and will throw an
exception if it isn't.
=cut
sub as_inet
{
my $self = shift;
croak "Cannot downgrade a non-PF_INET socket to IO::Socket::INET" unless $self->sockdomain == AF_INET;
return IO::Socket::INET->new_from_fd( $self->fileno, "r+" );
}
=head1 NON-BLOCKING
If the constructor is passed a defined but false value for the C<Blocking>
argument then the socket is put into non-blocking mode. When in non-blocking
mode, the socket will not be set up by the time the constructor returns,
because the underlying C<connect(2)> syscall would otherwise have to block.
The non-blocking behaviour is an extension of the C<IO::Socket::INET> API,
unique to C<IO::Socket::IP>, because the former does not support multi-homed
non-blocking connect.
When using non-blocking mode, the caller must repeatedly check for
writeability on the filehandle (for instance using C<select> or C<IO::Poll>).
Each time the filehandle is ready to write, the C<connect> method must be
called, with no arguments. Note that some operating systems, most notably
C<MSWin32> do not report a C<connect()> failure using write-ready; so you must
also C<select()> for exceptional status.
While C<connect> returns false, the value of C<$!> indicates whether it should
be tried again (by being set to the value C<EINPROGRESS>, or C<EWOULDBLOCK> on
MSWin32), or whether a permanent error has occurred (e.g. C<ECONNREFUSED>).
Once the socket has been connected to the peer, C<connect> will return true
and the socket will now be ready to use.
Note that calls to the platform's underlying C<getaddrinfo(3)> function may
block. If C<IO::Socket::IP> has to perform this lookup, the constructor will
block even when in non-blocking mode.
To avoid this blocking behaviour, the caller should pass in the result of such
a lookup using the C<PeerAddrInfo> or C<LocalAddrInfo> arguments. This can be
achieved by using L<Net::LibAsyncNS>, or the C<getaddrinfo(3)> function can be
called in a child process.
use IO::Socket::IP;
use Errno qw( EINPROGRESS EWOULDBLOCK );
my @peeraddrinfo = ... # Caller must obtain the getaddinfo result here
my $socket = IO::Socket::IP->new(
PeerAddrInfo => \@peeraddrinfo,
Blocking => 0,
) or die "Cannot construct socket - $@";
while( !$socket->connect and ( $! == EINPROGRESS || $! == EWOULDBLOCK ) ) {
my $wvec = '';
vec( $wvec, fileno $socket, 1 ) = 1;
my $evec = '';
vec( $evec, fileno $socket, 1 ) = 1;
select( undef, $wvec, $evec, undef ) or die "Cannot select - $!";
}
die "Cannot connect - $!" if $!;
...
The example above uses C<select()>, but any similar mechanism should work
analogously. C<IO::Socket::IP> takes care when creating new socket filehandles
to preserve the actual file descriptor number, so such techniques as C<poll>
or C<epoll> should be transparent to its reallocation of a different socket
underneath, perhaps in order to switch protocol family between C<PF_INET> and
C<PF_INET6>.
For another example using C<IO::Poll> and C<Net::LibAsyncNS>, see the
F<examples/nonblocking_libasyncns.pl> file in the module distribution.
=cut
=head1 C<PeerHost> AND C<LocalHost> PARSING
To support the C<IO::Socket::INET> API, the host and port information may be
passed in a single string rather than as two separate arguments.
If either C<LocalHost> or C<PeerHost> (or their C<...Addr> synonyms) have any
of the following special forms then special parsing is applied.
The value of the C<...Host> argument will be split to give both the hostname
and port (or service name):
hostname.example.org:http # Host name
192.0.2.1:80 # IPv4 address
[2001:db8::1]:80 # IPv6 address
In each case, the port or service name (e.g. C<80>) is passed as the
C<LocalService> or C<PeerService> argument.
Either of C<LocalService> or C<PeerService> (or their C<...Port> synonyms) can
be either a service name, a decimal number, or a string containing both a
service name and number, in a form such as
http(80)
In this case, the name (C<http>) will be tried first, but if the resolver does
not understand it then the port number (C<80>) will be used instead.
If the C<...Host> argument is in this special form and the corresponding
C<...Service> or C<...Port> argument is also defined, the one parsed from
the C<...Host> argument will take precedence and the other will be ignored.
=head2 ( $host, $port ) = IO::Socket::IP->split_addr( $addr )
Utility method that provides the parsing functionality described above.
Returns a 2-element list, containing either the split hostname and port
description if it could be parsed, or the given address and C<undef> if it was
not recognised.
IO::Socket::IP->split_addr( "hostname:http" )
# ( "hostname", "http" )
IO::Socket::IP->split_addr( "192.0.2.1:80" )
# ( "192.0.2.1", "80" )
IO::Socket::IP->split_addr( "[2001:db8::1]:80" )
# ( "2001:db8::1", "80" )
IO::Socket::IP->split_addr( "something.else" )
# ( "something.else", undef )
=cut
sub split_addr
{
shift;
my ( $addr ) = @_;
local ( $1, $2 ); # Placate a taint-related bug; [perl #67962]
if( $addr =~ m/\A\[($IPv6_re)\](?::([^\s:]*))?\z/ or
$addr =~ m/\A([^\s:]*):([^\s:]*)\z/ ) {
return ( $1, $2 ) if defined $2 and length $2;
return ( $1, undef );
}
return ( $addr, undef );
}
=head2 $addr = IO::Socket::IP->join_addr( $host, $port )
Utility method that performs the reverse of C<split_addr>, returning a string
formed by joining the specified host address and port number. The host address
will be wrapped in C<[]> brackets if required (because it is a raw IPv6
numeric address).
This can be especially useful when combined with the C<sockhost_service> or
C<peerhost_service> methods.
say "Connected to ", IO::Socket::IP->join_addr( $sock->peerhost_service );
=cut
sub join_addr
{
shift;
my ( $host, $port ) = @_;
$host = "[$host]" if $host =~ m/:/;
return join ":", $host, $port if defined $port;
return $host;
}
# Since IO::Socket->new( Domain => ... ) will delete the Domain parameter
# before calling ->configure, we need to keep track of which it was
package # hide from indexer
IO::Socket::IP::_ForINET;
use base qw( IO::Socket::IP );
sub configure
{
# This is evil
my $self = shift;
my ( $arg ) = @_;
bless $self, "IO::Socket::IP";
$self->configure( { %$arg, Family => Socket::AF_INET() } );
}
package # hide from indexer
IO::Socket::IP::_ForINET6;
use base qw( IO::Socket::IP );
sub configure
{
# This is evil
my $self = shift;
my ( $arg ) = @_;
bless $self, "IO::Socket::IP";
$self->configure( { %$arg, Family => Socket::AF_INET6() } );
}
=head1 C<IO::Socket::INET> INCOMPATIBILITES
=over 4
=item *
The behaviour enabled by C<MultiHomed> is in fact implemented by
C<IO::Socket::IP> as it is required to correctly support searching for a
useable address from the results of the C<getaddrinfo(3)> call. The
constructor will ignore the value of this argument, except if it is defined
but false. An exception is thrown in this case, because that would request it
disable the C<getaddrinfo(3)> search behaviour in the first place.
=item *
C<IO::Socket::IP> implements both the C<Blocking> and C<Timeout> parameters,
but it implements the interaction of both in a different way.
In C<::INET>, supplying a timeout overrides the non-blocking behaviour,
meaning that the C<connect()> operation will still block despite that the
caller asked for a non-blocking socket. This is not explicitly specified in
its documentation, nor does this author believe that is a useful behaviour -
it appears to come from a quirk of implementation.
In C<::IP> therefore, the C<Blocking> parameter takes precedence - if a
non-blocking socket is requested, no operation will block. The C<Timeout>
parameter here simply defines the maximum time that a blocking C<connect()>
call will wait, if it blocks at all.
In order to specifically obtain the "blocking connect then non-blocking send
and receive" behaviour of specifying this combination of options to C<::INET>
when using C<::IP>, perform first a blocking connect, then afterwards turn the
socket into nonblocking mode.
my $sock = IO::Socket::IP->new(
PeerHost => $peer,
Timeout => 20,
) or die "Cannot connect - $@";
$sock->blocking( 0 );
This code will behave identically under both C<IO::Socket::INET> and
C<IO::Socket::IP>.
=back
=cut
=head1 TODO
=over 4
=item *
Investigate whether C<POSIX::dup2> upsets BSD's C<kqueue> watchers, and if so,
consider what possible workarounds might be applied.
=back
=head1 AUTHOR
Paul Evans <leonerd@leonerd.org.uk>
=cut
0x55AA;
Socket/SSL.pod 0000644 00000246123 15051135233 0007147 0 ustar 00
=head1 NAME
IO::Socket::SSL - SSL sockets with IO::Socket interface
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use strict;
use IO::Socket::SSL;
# simple client
my $cl = IO::Socket::SSL->new('www.google.com:443');
print $cl "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n";
print <$cl>;
# simple server
my $srv = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
LocalAddr => '0.0.0.0:1234',
Listen => 10,
SSL_cert_file => 'server-cert.pem',
SSL_key_file => 'server-key.pem',
);
$srv->accept;
=head1 DESCRIPTION
IO::Socket::SSL makes using SSL/TLS much easier by wrapping the necessary
functionality into the familiar L<IO::Socket> interface and providing secure
defaults whenever possible.
This way, existing applications can be made SSL-aware without much effort, at
least if you do blocking I/O and don't use select or poll.
But, under the hood, SSL is a complex beast.
So there are lots of methods to make it do what you need if the default
behavior is not adequate.
Because it is easy to inadvertently introduce critical security bugs or just
hard to debug problems, I would recommend studying the following
documentation carefully.
The documentation consists of the following parts:
=over 4
=item * L</"Essential Information About SSL/TLS">
=item * L</"Basic SSL Client">
=item * L</"Basic SSL Server">
=item * L</"Common Usage Errors">
=item * L</"Common Problems with SSL">
=item * L</"Using Non-Blocking Sockets">
=item * L</"Advanced Usage">
=item * L</"Integration Into Own Modules">
=item * L</"Description Of Methods">
=back
Additional documentation can be found in
=over 4
=item * L<IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept> - Doing Man-In-The-Middle with SSL
=item * L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils> - Useful functions for certificates etc
=back
=head1 Essential Information About SSL/TLS
SSL (Secure Socket Layer) or its successor TLS (Transport Layer Security) are
protocols to facilitate end-to-end security. These protocols are used when
accessing web sites (https), delivering or retrieving email, and in lots of other
use cases.
In the following documentation we will refer to both SSL and TLS as simply 'SSL'.
SSL enables end-to-end security by providing two essential functions:
=over 4
=item Encryption
This part encrypts the data for transit between the communicating parties, so
that nobody in between can read them. It also provides tamper resistance so that
nobody in between can manipulate the data.
=item Identification
This part makes sure that you talk to the right peer.
If the identification is done incorrectly it is easy to mount man-in-the-middle
attacks, e.g. if Alice wants to talk to Bob it would be possible for Mallory to
put itself in the middle, so that Alice talks to Mallory and Mallory to Bob.
All the data would still be encrypted, but not end-to-end between Alice and Bob,
but only between Alice and Mallory and then between Mallory and Bob.
Thus Mallory would be able to read and modify all traffic between Alice and Bob.
=back
Identification is the part which is the hardest to understand and the easiest
to get wrong.
With SSL, the Identification is usually done with B<certificates> inside a B<PKI>
(Public Key Infrastructure).
These Certificates are comparable to an identity card, which contains
information about the owner of the card. The card then is somehow B<signed> by
the B<issuer> of the card, the B<CA> (Certificate Agency).
To verify the identity of the peer the following must be done inside SSL:
=over 4
=item *
Get the certificate from the peer.
If the peer does not present a certificate we cannot verify it.
=item *
Check if we trust the certificate, e.g. make sure it's not a forgery.
We believe that a certificate is not a fake if we either know the certificate
already or if we B<trust> the issuer (the CA) and can verify the issuers
signature on the certificate.
In reality there is often a hierarchy of certificate agencies and we only
directly trust the root of this hierarchy.
In this case the peer not only sends his own certificate, but also all
B<intermediate certificates>.
Verification will be done by building a B<trust path> from the trusted root up
to the peers certificate and checking in each step if the we can verify the
issuer's signature.
This step often causes problems because the client does not know the necessary
trusted root certificates. These are usually stored in a system dependent
CA store, but often the browsers have their own CA store.
=item *
Check if the certificate is still valid.
Each certificate has a lifetime and should not be used after that time because
it might be compromised or the underlying cryptography got broken in the mean
time.
=item *
Check if the subject of the certificate matches the peer.
This is like comparing the picture on the identity card against the person
representing the identity card.
When connecting to a server this is usually done by comparing the hostname used
for connecting against the names represented in the certificate.
A certificate might contain multiple names or wildcards, so that it can be used
for multiple hosts (e.g. *.example.com and *.example.org).
Although nobody sane would accept an identity card where the picture does not
match the person we see, it is a common implementation error with SSL to omit
this check or get it wrong.
=item *
Check if the certificate was revoked by the issuer.
This might be the case if the certificate was compromised somehow and now
somebody else might use it to claim the wrong identity.
Such revocations happened a lot after the heartbleed attack.
For SSL there are two ways to verify a revocation, CRL and OCSP.
With CRLs (Certificate Revocation List) the CA provides a list of serial numbers
for revoked certificates. The client somehow has to download the list
(which can be huge) and keep it up to date.
With OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) the client can check a single
certificate directly by asking the issuer.
Revocation is the hardest part of the verification and none of today's browsers
get it fully correct. But, they are still better than most other implementations
which don't implement revocation checks or leave the hard parts to the
developer.
=back
When accessing a web site with SSL or delivering mail in a secure way the
identity is usually only checked one way, e.g. the client wants to make sure it
talks to the right server, but the server usually does not care which client it
talks to.
But, sometimes the server wants to identify the client too and will request a
certificate from the client which the server must verify in a similar way.
=head1 Basic SSL Client
A basic SSL client is simple:
my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new('www.example.com:443')
or die "error=$!, ssl_error=$SSL_ERROR";
This will take the OpenSSL default CA store as the store for the trusted CA.
This usually works on UNIX systems.
If there are no certificates in the store it will try use L<Mozilla::CA> which
provides the default CAs of Firefox.
In the default settings, L<IO::Socket::SSL> will use a safer cipher set and SSL
version, do a proper hostname check against the certificate, and use SNI (server
name indication) to send the hostname inside the SSL handshake. This is
necessary to work with servers which have different certificates behind the
same IP address.
It will also check the revocation of the certificate with OCSP, but currently
only if the server provides OCSP stapling (for deeper checks see
C<ocsp_resolver> method).
Lots of options can be used to change ciphers, SSL version, location of CA and
much more. See documentation of methods for details.
With protocols like SMTP it is necessary to upgrade an existing socket to SSL.
This can be done like this:
my $client = IO::Socket::INET->new('mx.example.com:25') or die $!;
# .. read greeting from server
# .. send EHLO and read response
# .. send STARTTLS command and read response
# .. if response was successful we can upgrade the socket to SSL now:
IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($client,
# explicitly set hostname we should use for SNI
SSL_hostname => 'mx.example.com'
) or die $SSL_ERROR;
A more complete example for a simple HTTP client:
my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
# where to connect
PeerHost => "www.example.com",
PeerPort => "https",
# certificate verification - VERIFY_PEER is default
SSL_verify_mode => SSL_VERIFY_PEER,
# location of CA store
# need only be given if default store should not be used
SSL_ca_path => '/etc/ssl/certs', # typical CA path on Linux
SSL_ca_file => '/etc/ssl/cert.pem', # typical CA file on BSD
# or just use default path on system:
IO::Socket::SSL::default_ca(), # either explicitly
# or implicitly by not giving SSL_ca_*
# easy hostname verification
# It will use PeerHost as default name a verification
# scheme as default, which is safe enough for most purposes.
SSL_verifycn_name => 'foo.bar',
SSL_verifycn_scheme => 'http',
# SNI support - defaults to PeerHost
SSL_hostname => 'foo.bar',
) or die "failed connect or ssl handshake: $!,$SSL_ERROR";
# send and receive over SSL connection
print $client "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n";
print <$client>;
And to do revocation checks with OCSP (only available with OpenSSL 1.0.0 or
higher and L<Net::SSLeay> 1.59 or higher):
# default will try OCSP stapling and check only leaf certificate
my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new($dst);
# better yet: require checking of full chain
my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
PeerAddr => $dst,
SSL_ocsp_mode => SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN,
);
# even better: make OCSP errors fatal
# (this will probably fail with lots of sites because of bad OCSP setups)
# also use common OCSP response cache
my $ocsp_cache = IO::Socket::SSL::OCSP_Cache->new;
my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
PeerAddr => $dst,
SSL_ocsp_mode => SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN|SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD,
SSL_ocsp_cache => $ocsp_cache,
);
# disable OCSP stapling in case server has problems with it
my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
PeerAddr => $dst,
SSL_ocsp_mode => SSL_OCSP_NO_STAPLE,
);
# check any certificates which are not yet checked by OCSP stapling or
# where we have already cached results. For your own resolving combine
# $ocsp->requests with $ocsp->add_response(uri,response).
my $ocsp = $client->ocsp_resolver();
my $errors = $ocsp->resolve_blocking();
if ($errors) {
warn "OCSP verification failed: $errors";
close($client);
}
=head1 Basic SSL Server
A basic SSL server looks similar to other L<IO::Socket> servers, only that it
also contains settings for certificate and key:
# simple server
my $server = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
# where to listen
LocalAddr => '127.0.0.1',
LocalPort => 8080,
Listen => 10,
# which certificate to offer
# with SNI support there can be different certificates per hostname
SSL_cert_file => 'cert.pem',
SSL_key_file => 'key.pem',
) or die "failed to listen: $!";
# accept client
my $client = $server->accept or die
"failed to accept or ssl handshake: $!,$SSL_ERROR";
This will automatically use a secure set of ciphers and SSL version and also
supports Forward Secrecy with (Elliptic-Curve) Diffie-Hellmann Key Exchange.
If you are doing a forking or threading server, we recommend that you do the SSL
handshake inside the new process/thread so that the master is free for new
connections.
We recommend this because a client with improper or slow SSL handshake could
make the server block in the handshake which would be bad to do on the
listening socket:
# inet server
my $server = IO::Socket::INET->new(
# where to listen
LocalAddr => '127.0.0.1',
LocalPort => 8080,
Listen => 10,
);
# accept client
my $client = $server->accept or die;
# SSL upgrade client (in new process/thread)
IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($client,
SSL_server => 1,
SSL_cert_file => 'cert.pem',
SSL_key_file => 'key.pem',
) or die "failed to ssl handshake: $SSL_ERROR";
Like with normal sockets, neither forking nor threading servers scale well.
It is recommended to use non-blocking sockets instead, see
L</"Using Non-Blocking Sockets">
=head1 Common Usage Errors
This is a list of typical errors seen with the use of L<IO::Socket::SSL>:
=over 4
=item *
Disabling verification with C<SSL_verify_mode>.
As described in L</"Essential Information About SSL/TLS">, a proper
identification of the peer is essential and failing to verify makes
Man-In-The-Middle attacks possible.
Nevertheless, lots of scripts and even public modules or applications disable
verification, because it is probably the easiest way to make the thing work
and usually nobody notices any security problems anyway.
If the verification does not succeed with the default settings, one can do the
following:
=over 8
=item *
Make sure the needed CAs are in the store, maybe use C<SSL_ca_file> or
C<SSL_ca_path> to specify a different CA store.
=item *
If the validation fails because the certificate is self-signed and that's what
you expect, you can use the C<SSL_fingerprint> option to accept specific
leaf certificates by their certificate or pubkey fingerprint.
=item *
If the validation failed because the hostname does not match and you cannot
access the host with the name given in the certificate, you can use
C<SSL_verifycn_name> to specify the hostname you expect in the certificate.
=back
A common error pattern is also to disable verification if they found no CA
store (different modules look at different "default" places).
Because L<IO::Socket::SSL> is now able to provide a usable CA store on most
platforms (UNIX, Mac OSX and Windows) it is better to use the defaults provided
by L<IO::Socket::SSL>.
If necessary these can be checked with the C<default_ca> method.
=item *
Polling of SSL sockets (e.g. select, poll and other event loops).
If you sysread one byte on a normal socket it will result in a syscall to read
one byte. Thus, if more than one byte is available on the socket it will be kept
in the network stack of your OS and the next select or poll call will return the
socket as readable.
But, with SSL you don't deliver single bytes. Multiple data bytes are packaged
and encrypted together in an SSL frame. Decryption can only be done on the whole
frame, so a sysread for one byte actually reads the complete SSL frame from the
socket, decrypts it and returns the first decrypted byte. Further sysreads will
return more bytes from the same frame until all bytes are returned and the
next SSL frame will be read from the socket.
Thus, in order to decide if you can read more data (e.g. if sysread will block)
you must check if there are still data in the current SSL frame by calling
C<pending> and if there are no data pending you might check the underlying
socket with select or poll.
Another way might be if you try to sysread at least 16kByte all the time.
16kByte is the maximum size of an SSL frame and because sysread returns data
from only a single SSL frame you can guarantee that there are no pending
data.
See also L</"Using Non-Blocking Sockets">.
=item *
Expecting exactly the same behavior as plain sockets.
IO::Socket::SSL tries to emulate the usual socket behavior as good as possible,
but full emulation can not be done. Specifically a read on the SSL socket might
also result in a write on the TCP socket or a write on the SSL socket might
result in a read on the TCP socket. Also C<accept> and B<close> on the SSL
socket will result in writing and reading data to the TCP socket too.
Especially the hidden writes might result in a connection reset if the
underlying TCP socket is already closed by the peer. Unless signal PIPE is
explicitly handled by the application this will ususally result in the
application crashing. It is thus recommended to explicitly IGNORE signal PIPE so
that the errors get propagated as EPIPE instead of causing a crash of the
application.
=item *
Set 'SSL_version' or 'SSL_cipher_list' to a "better" value.
L<IO::Socket::SSL> tries to set these values to reasonable, secure values which
are compatible with the rest of the world.
But, there are some scripts or modules out there which tried to be smart and
get more secure or compatible settings.
Unfortunately, they did this years ago and never updated these values, so they
are still forced to do only 'TLSv1' (instead of also using TLSv12 or TLSv11).
Or they set 'HIGH' as the cipher list and thought they were secure, but did not
notice that 'HIGH' includes anonymous ciphers, e.g. without identification of
the peer.
So it is recommended to leave the settings at the secure defaults which
L<IO::Socket::SSL> sets and which get updated from time to time to
better fit the real world.
=item *
Make SSL settings inaccessible by the user, together with bad builtin settings.
Some modules use L<IO::Socket::SSL>, but don't make the SSL settings available
to the user. This is often combined with bad builtin settings or defaults (like
switching verification off).
Thus the user needs to hack around these restrictions by using
C<set_args_filter_hack> or similar.
=item *
Use of constants as strings.
Constants like C<SSL_VERIFY_PEER> or C<SSL_WANT_READ> should be used as
constants and not be put inside quotes, because they represent numerical values.
=item *
Forking and handling the socket in parent and child.
A B<fork> of the process will duplicate the internal user space SSL state of the
socket. If both master and child interact with the socket by using their own SSL
state strange error messages will happen. Such interaction includes explicit or
implicit B<close> of the SSL socket. To avoid this the socket should be explicitly
closed with B<SSL_no_shutdown>.
=item *
Forking and executing a new process.
Since the SSL state is stored in user space it will be duplicated by a B<fork> but
it will be lost when doing B<exec>. This means it is not possible to simply
redirect stdin and stdout for the new process to the SSL socket by duplicating
the relevant file handles. Instead explicitly exchanging plain data between
child-process and SSL socket are needed.
=back
=head1 Common Problems with SSL
SSL is a complex protocol with multiple implementations and each of these has
their own quirks. While most of these implementations work together, it often
gets problematic with older versions, minimal versions in load balancers, or plain
wrong setups.
Unfortunately these problems are hard to debug.
Helpful for debugging are a knowledge of SSL internals, wireshark and the use of
the debug settings of L<IO::Socket::SSL> and L<Net::SSLeay>, which can both be
set with C<$IO::Socket::SSL::DEBUG>.
The following debugs levels are defined, but used not in any consistent way:
=over 4
=item *
0 - No debugging (default).
=item *
1 - Print out errors from L<IO::Socket::SSL> and ciphers from L<Net::SSLeay>.
=item *
2 - Print also information about call flow from L<IO::Socket::SSL> and progress
information from L<Net::SSLeay>.
=item *
3 - Print also some data dumps from L<IO::Socket::SSL> and from L<Net::SSLeay>.
=back
Also, C<analyze-ssl.pl> from the ssl-tools repository at
L<https://github.com/noxxi/p5-ssl-tools> might be a helpful tool when debugging
SSL problems, as do the C<openssl> command line tool and a check with a
different SSL implementation (e.g. a web browser).
The following problems are not uncommon:
=over 4
=item *
Bad server setup: missing intermediate certificates.
It is a regular problem that administrators fail to include all necessary
certificates into their server setup, e.g. everything needed to build the trust
chain from the trusted root.
If they check the setup with the browser everything looks ok, because browsers
work around these problems by caching any intermediate certificates and apply
them to new connections if certificates are missing.
But, fresh browser profiles which have never seen these intermediates cannot
fill in the missing certificates and fail to verify; the same is true with
L<IO::Socket::SSL>.
=item *
Old versions of servers or load balancers which do not understand specific TLS
versions or croak on specific data.
From time to time one encounters an SSL peer, which just closes the connection
inside the SSL handshake. This can usually be worked around by downgrading the
SSL version, e.g. by setting C<SSL_version>. Modern Browsers usually deal with
such servers by automatically downgrading the SSL version and repeat the
connection attempt until they succeed.
Worse servers do not close the underlying TCP connection but instead just
drop the relevant packet. This is harder to detect because it looks like a
stalled connection. But downgrading the SSL version often works here too.
A cause of such problems are often load balancers or security devices, which
have hardware acceleration and only a minimal (and less robust) SSL stack. They
can often be detected because they support much fewer ciphers than other
implementations.
=item *
Bad or old OpenSSL versions.
L<IO::Socket::SSL> uses OpenSSL with the help of the L<Net::SSLeay> library. It
is recommend to have a recent version of this library, because it has more
features and usually fewer known bugs.
=item *
Validation of client certificates fail.
Make sure that the purpose of the certificate allows use as ssl client (check
with C<< openssl x509 -purpose >>, that the necessary root certificate is in the
path specified by C<SSL_ca*> (or the default path) and that any intermediate
certificates needed to build the trust chain are sent by the client.
=item *
Validation of self-signed certificate fails even if it is given with
C<SSL_ca*> argument.
The C<SSL_ca*> arguments do not give a general trust store for arbitrary
certificates but only specify a store for CA certificates which then can be used
to verify other certificates. This especially means that certificates which are
not a CA get simply ignored, notably self-signed certificates which do not also
have the CA-flag set.
This behavior of OpenSSL differs from the more general trust-store concept which
can be found in browsers and where it is possible to simply added arbitrary
certificates (CA or not) as trusted.
=back
=head1 Using Non-Blocking Sockets
If you have a non-blocking socket, the expected behavior on read, write, accept
or connect is to set C<$!> to EWOULDBLOCK if the operation cannot be completed
immediately. Note that EWOULDBLOCK is the same as EAGAIN on UNIX systems, but
is different on Windows.
With SSL, handshakes might occur at any time, even within an established
connection. In these cases it is necessary to finish the handshake before
you can read or write data. This might result in situations where you want to
read but must first finish the write of a handshake or where you want to write
but must first finish a read.
In these cases C<$!> is set to EAGAIN like expected, and additionally
C<$SSL_ERROR> is set to either SSL_WANT_READ or SSL_WANT_WRITE.
Thus if you get EWOULDBLOCK on a SSL socket you must check C<$SSL_ERROR> for
SSL_WANT_* and adapt your event mask accordingly.
Using readline on non-blocking sockets does not make much sense and I would
advise against using it.
And, while the behavior is not documented for other L<IO::Socket> classes, it
will try to emulate the behavior seen there, e.g. to return the received data
instead of blocking, even if the line is not complete. If an unrecoverable error
occurs it will return nothing, even if it already received some data.
Also, I would advise against using C<accept> with a non-blocking SSL object
because it might block and this is not what most would expect. The reason for
this is that C<accept> on a non-blocking TCP socket (e.g. L<IO::Socket::IP>,
L<IO::Socket::INET>..) results in a new TCP socket which does not inherit the
non-blocking behavior of the master socket. And thus, the initial SSL handshake
on the new socket inside C<IO::Socket::SSL::accept> will be done in a blocking
way. To work around this you are safer by doing a TCP accept and later upgrade the
TCP socket in a non-blocking way with C<start_SSL> and C<accept_SSL>.
my $cl = IO::Socket::SSL->new($dst);
$cl->blocking(0);
my $sel = IO::Select->new($cl);
while (1) {
# with SSL a call for reading n bytes does not result in reading of n
# bytes from the socket, but instead it must read at least one full SSL
# frame. If the socket has no new bytes, but there are unprocessed data
# from the SSL frame can_read will block!
# wait for data on socket
$sel->can_read();
# new data on socket or eof
READ:
# this does not read only 1 byte from socket, but reads the complete SSL
# frame and then just returns one byte. On subsequent calls it than
# returns more byte of the same SSL frame until it needs to read the
# next frame.
my $n = sysread( $cl,my $buf,1);
if ( ! defined $n ) {
die $! if not ${EWOULDBLOCK};
next if $SSL_ERROR == SSL_WANT_READ;
if ( $SSL_ERROR == SSL_WANT_WRITE ) {
# need to write data on renegotiation
$sel->can_write;
next;
}
die "something went wrong: $SSL_ERROR";
} elsif ( ! $n ) {
last; # eof
} else {
# read next bytes
# we might have still data within the current SSL frame
# thus first process these data instead of waiting on the underlying
# socket object
goto READ if $cl->pending; # goto sysread
next; # goto $sel->can_read
}
}
Additionally there are differences to plain sockets when using select, poll,
kqueue or similar technologies to get notified if data are available.
Relying only on these calls is not sufficient in all cases since unread data
might be internally buffered in the SSL stack. To detect such buffering
B<pending()> need to be used. Alternatively the buffering can be avoided by using
B<sysread> with the maximum size of an SSL frame. See L</"Common Usage Errors">
for details.
=head1 Advanced Usage
=head2 SNI Support
Newer extensions to SSL can distinguish between multiple hostnames on the same
IP address using Server Name Indication (SNI).
Support for SNI on the client side was added somewhere in the OpenSSL 0.9.8
series, but with 1.0 a bug was fixed when the server could not decide about
its hostname. Therefore client side SNI is only supported with OpenSSL 1.0 or
higher in L<IO::Socket::SSL>.
With a supported version, SNI is used automatically on the client side, if it
can determine the hostname from C<PeerAddr> or C<PeerHost> (which are synonyms
in the underlying IO::Socket:: classes and thus should never be set both or at
least not to different values).
On unsupported OpenSSL versions it will silently not use SNI.
The hostname can also be given explicitly given with C<SSL_hostname>, but in
this case it will throw in error, if SNI is not supported.
To check for support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_client_sni() >>.
On the server side, earlier versions of OpenSSL are supported, but only together
with L<Net::SSLeay> version >= 1.50.
To check for support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_server_sni() >>.
If server side SNI is supported, you might specify different certificates per
host with C<SSL_cert*> and C<SSL_key*>, and check the requested name using
C<get_servername>.
=head2 Talk Plain and SSL With The Same Socket
It is often required to first exchange some plain data and then upgrade the
socket to SSL after some kind of STARTTLS command. Protocols like FTPS even
need a way to downgrade the socket again back to plain.
The common way to do this would be to create a normal socket and use C<start_SSL>
to upgrade and stop_SSL to downgrade:
my $sock = IO::Socket::INET->new(...) or die $!;
... exchange plain data on $sock until starttls command ...
IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($sock,%sslargs) or die $SSL_ERROR;
... now $sock is an IO::Socket::SSL object ...
... exchange data with SSL on $sock until stoptls command ...
$sock->stop_SSL or die $SSL_ERROR;
... now $sock is again an IO::Socket::INET object ...
But, lots of modules just derive directly from L<IO::Socket::INET>.
While this base class can be replaced with L<IO::Socket::SSL>, these modules cannot
easily support different base classes for SSL and plain data and switch between
these classes on a starttls command.
To help in this case, L<IO::Socket::SSL> can be reduced to a plain socket on
startup, and connect_SSL/accept_SSL/start_SSL can be used to enable SSL and
C<stop_SSL> to talk plain again:
my $sock = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
PeerAddr => ...
SSL_startHandshake => 0,
%sslargs
) or die $!;
... exchange plain data on $sock until starttls command ...
$sock->connect_SSL or die $SSL_ERROR;
... now $sock is an IO::Socket::SSL object ...
... exchange data with SSL on $sock until stoptls command ...
$sock->stop_SSL or die $SSL_ERROR;
... $sock is still an IO::Socket::SSL object ...
... but data exchanged again in plain ...
=head1 Integration Into Own Modules
L<IO::Socket::SSL> behaves similarly to other L<IO::Socket> modules and thus could
be integrated in the same way, but you have to take special care when using
non-blocking I/O (like for handling timeouts) or using select or poll.
Please study the documentation on how to deal with these differences.
Also, it is recommended to not set or touch most of the C<SSL_*> options, so
that they keep their secure defaults. It is also recommended to let the user
override these SSL specific settings without the need of global settings or hacks
like C<set_args_filter_hack>.
The notable exception is C<SSL_verifycn_scheme>.
This should be set to the hostname verification scheme required by the module or
protocol.
=head1 Description Of Methods
L<IO::Socket::SSL> inherits from another L<IO::Socket> module.
The choice of the super class depends on the installed modules:
=over 4
=item *
If L<IO::Socket::IP> with at least version 0.20 is installed it will use this
module as super class, transparently providing IPv6 and IPv4 support.
=item *
If L<IO::Socket::INET6> is installed it will use this module as super class,
transparently providing IPv6 and IPv4 support.
=item *
Otherwise it will fall back to L<IO::Socket::INET>, which is a perl core module.
With L<IO::Socket::INET> you only get IPv4 support.
=back
Please be aware that with the IPv6 capable super classes, it will look first
for the IPv6 address of a given hostname. If the resolver provides an IPv6
address, but the host cannot be reached by IPv6, there will be no automatic
fallback to IPv4.
To avoid these problems you can enforce IPv4 for a specific socket by
using the C<Domain> or C<Family> option with the value AF_INET as described in
L<IO::Socket::IP>. Alternatively you can enforce IPv4 globally by loading
L<IO::Socket::SSL> with the option 'inet4', in which case it will use the IPv4
only class L<IO::Socket::INET> as the super class.
L<IO::Socket::SSL> will provide all of the methods of its super class, but
sometimes it will override them to match the behavior expected from SSL or to
provide additional arguments.
The new or changed methods are described below, but please also read the
section about SSL specific error handling.
=over 4
=item Error Handling
If an SSL specific error occurs, the global variable C<$SSL_ERROR> will be set.
If the error occurred on an existing SSL socket, the method C<errstr> will
give access to the latest socket specific error.
Both C<$SSL_ERROR> and the C<errstr> method give a dualvar similar to C<$!>, e.g.
providing an error number in numeric context or an error description in string
context.
=item B<new(...)>
Creates a new L<IO::Socket::SSL> object. You may use all the friendly options
that came bundled with the super class (e.g. L<IO::Socket::IP>,
L<IO::Socket::INET>, ...) plus (optionally) the ones described below.
If you don't specify any SSL related options it will do its best in using
secure defaults, e.g. choosing good ciphers, enabling proper verification, etc.
=over 2
=item SSL_server
Set this option to a true value if the socket should be used as a server.
If this is not explicitly set it is assumed if the C<Listen> parameter is given
when creating the socket.
=item SSL_hostname
This can be given to specify the hostname used for SNI, which is needed if you
have multiple SSL hostnames on the same IP address. If not given it will try to
determine the hostname from C<PeerAddr>, which will fail if only an IP was given or if
this argument is used within C<start_SSL>.
If you want to disable SNI, set this argument to ''.
Currently only supported for the client side and will be ignored for the server
side.
See section "SNI Support" for details of SNI the support.
=item SSL_startHandshake
If this option is set to false (defaults to true) it will not start the SSL
handshake yet. This has to be done later with C<accept_SSL> or C<connect_SSL>.
Before the handshake is started read/write/etc. can be used to exchange plain
data.
=item SSL_keepSocketOnError
If this option is set to true (defaults to false) it will not close the
underlying TCP socket on errors. In most cases there is no real use for this
behavior since both sides of the TCP connection will probably have a
different idea of the current state of the connection.
=item SSL_ca | SSL_ca_file | SSL_ca_path
Usually you want to verify that the peer certificate has been signed by a
trusted certificate authority. In this case you should use this option to
specify the file (C<SSL_ca_file>) or directory (C<SSL_ca_path>) containing the
certificateZ<>(s) of the trusted certificate authorities.
C<SSL_ca_path> can also be an array or a string containing multiple path, where
the path are separated by the platform specific separator. This separator is
C<;> on DOS, Windows, Netware, C<,> on VMS and C<:> for all the other systems.
If multiple path are given at least one of these must be accessible.
You can also give a list of X509* certificate handles (like you get from
L<Net::SSLeay> or L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils::PEM_xxx2cert>) with C<SSL_ca>. These
will be added to the CA store before path and file and thus take precedence.
If neither SSL_ca, nor SSL_ca_file or SSL_ca_path are set it will use
C<default_ca()> to determine the user-set or system defaults.
If you really don't want to set a CA set SSL_ca_file or SSL_ca_path to
C<\undef> or SSL_ca to an empty list. (unfortunately C<''> is used by some
modules using L<IO::Socket::SSL> when CA is not explicitly given).
=item SSL_client_ca | SSL_client_ca_file
If verify_mode is VERIFY_PEER on the server side these options can be used to
set the list of acceptable CAs for the client. This way the client can select
they required certificate from a list of certificates.
The value for these options is similar to C<SSL_ca> and C<SSL_ca_file>.
=item SSL_fingerprint
Sometimes you have a self-signed certificate or a certificate issued by an
unknown CA and you really want to accept it, but don't want to disable
verification at all. In this case you can specify the fingerprint of the
certificate as C<'algo$hex_fingerprint'>. C<algo> is a fingerprint algorithm
supported by OpenSSL, e.g. 'sha1','sha256'... and C<hex_fingerprint> is the
hexadecimal representation of the binary fingerprint. Any colons inside the
hex string will be ignored.
If you want to use the fingerprint of the pubkey inside the certificate instead
of the certificate use the syntax C<'algo$pub$hex_fingerprint'> instead.
To get the fingerprint of an established connection you can use
C<get_fingerprint>.
It is also possible to skip C<algo$>, i.e. only specifiy the fingerprint. In
this case the likely algorithms will be automatically detected based on the
length of the digest string.
You can specify a list of fingerprints in case you have several acceptable
certificates.
If a fingerprint matches the topmost (i.e. leaf) certificate no additional
validations can make the verification fail.
=item SSL_cert_file | SSL_cert | SSL_key_file | SSL_key
If you create a server you usually need to specify a server certificate which
should be verified by the client. Same is true for client certificates, which
should be verified by the server.
The certificate can be given as a file with SSL_cert_file or as an internal
representation of an X509* object (like you get from L<Net::SSLeay> or
L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils::PEM_xxx2cert>) with SSL_cert.
If given as a file it will automatically detect the format.
Supported file formats are PEM, DER and PKCS#12, where PEM and PKCS#12 can
contain the certificate and the chain to use, while DER can only contain a single
certificate.
If given as a list of X509* please note, that the all the chain certificates
(e.g. all except the first) will be "consumed" by openssl and will be freed
if the SSL context gets destroyed - so you should never free them yourself. But
the servers certificate (e.g. the first) will not be consumed by openssl and
thus must be freed by the application.
For each certificate a key is need, which can either be given as a file with
SSL_key_file or as an internal representation of an EVP_PKEY* object with
SSL_key (like you get from L<Net::SSLeay> or
L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils::PEM_xxx2key>).
If a key was already given within the PKCS#12 file specified by SSL_cert_file
it will ignore any SSL_key or SSL_key_file.
If no SSL_key or SSL_key_file was given it will try to use the PEM file given
with SSL_cert_file again, maybe it contains the key too.
If your SSL server should be able to use different certificates on the same IP
address, depending on the name given by SNI, you can use a hash reference
instead of a file with C<<hostname => cert_file>>.
If your SSL server should be able to use both RSA and ECDSA certificates for the
same domain/IP a similar hash reference like with SNI is given. The
domain names used to specify the additional certificates should be
C<hostname%whatever>, i.e. C<hostname%ecc> or similar. This needs at least
OpenSSL 1.0.2. To let the server pick the certificate based on the clients
cipher preference C<SSL_honor_cipher_order> should be set to false.
In case certs and keys are needed but not given it might fall back to builtin
defaults, see "Defaults for Cert, Key and CA".
Examples:
SSL_cert_file => 'mycert.pem',
SSL_key_file => 'mykey.pem',
SSL_cert_file => {
"foo.example.org" => 'foo-cert.pem',
"foo.example.org%ecc" => 'foo-ecc-cert.pem',
"bar.example.org" => 'bar-cert.pem',
# used when nothing matches or client does not support SNI
'' => 'default-cert.pem',
'%ecc' => 'default-ecc-cert.pem',
},
SSL_key_file => {
"foo.example.org" => 'foo-key.pem',
"foo.example.org%ecc" => 'foo-ecc-key.pem',
"bar.example.org" => 'bar-key.pem',
# used when nothing matches or client does not support SNI
'' => 'default-key.pem',
'%ecc' => 'default-ecc-key.pem',
}
=item SSL_passwd_cb
If your private key is encrypted, you might not want the default password prompt
from Net::SSLeay. This option takes a reference to a subroutine that should
return the password required to decrypt your private key.
=item SSL_use_cert
If this is true, it forces IO::Socket::SSL to use a certificate and key, even if
you are setting up an SSL client. If this is set to 0 (the default), then you
will only need a certificate and key if you are setting up a server.
SSL_use_cert will implicitly be set if SSL_server is set.
For convenience it is also set if it was not given but a cert was given for use
(SSL_cert_file or similar).
=item SSL_version
Sets the version of the SSL protocol used to transmit data.
'SSLv23' uses a handshake compatible with SSL2.0, SSL3.0 and TLS1.x, while
'SSLv2', 'SSLv3', 'TLSv1', 'TLSv1_1', 'TLSv1_2', or 'TLSv1_3' restrict
handshake and protocol to the specified version.
All values are case-insensitive. Instead of 'TLSv1_1', 'TLSv1_2', and
'TLSv1_3' one can also use 'TLSv11', 'TLSv12', and 'TLSv13'. Support for
'TLSv1_1', 'TLSv1_2', and 'TLSv1_3' requires recent versions of Net::SSLeay
and openssl.
The default SSL_version is defined by the underlying cryptographic library.
Independent from the handshake format you can limit to set of accepted SSL
versions by adding !version separated by ':'.
For example, 'SSLv23:!SSLv3:!SSLv2' means that the
handshake format is compatible to SSL2.0 and higher, but that the successful
handshake is limited to TLS1.0 and higher, that is no SSL2.0 or SSL3.0 because
both of these versions have serious security issues and should not be used
anymore.
You can also use !TLSv1_1 and !TLSv1_2 to disable TLS versions 1.1 and 1.2 while
still allowing TLS version 1.0.
Setting the version instead to 'TLSv1' might break interaction with older
clients, which need and SSL2.0 compatible handshake. On the other
side some clients just close the connection when they receive a TLS version 1.1
request. In this case setting the version to
'SSLv23:!SSLv2:!SSLv3:!TLSv1_1:!TLSv1_2' might help.
=item SSL_cipher_list
If this option is set the cipher list for the connection will be set to the
given value, e.g. something like 'ALL:!LOW:!EXP:!aNULL'. Look into the OpenSSL
documentation (L<http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER_STRINGS>)
for more details.
Unless you fail to contact your peer because of no shared ciphers it is
recommended to leave this option at the default setting, which honors the
system-wide PROFILE=SYSTEM cipher list.
In case different cipher lists are needed for different SNI hosts a hash can be
given with the host as key and the cipher suite as value, similar to
B<SSL_cert*>.
=item SSL_honor_cipher_order
If this option is true the cipher order the server specified is used instead
of the order proposed by the client. This option defaults to true to make use of
our secure cipher list setting.
=item SSL_dh_file
To create a server which provides forward secrecy you need to either give the DH
parameters or (better, because faster) the ECDH curve. This setting cares
about DH parameters.
To support non-elliptic Diffie-Hellman key exchange a suitable file needs to
be given here or the SSL_dh should be used with a appropriate value.
See dhparam command in openssl for more information.
If neither C<SSL_dh_file> nor C<SSL_dh> are set a builtin DH parameter with a
length of 2048 bit is used to offer DH key exchange by default. If you don't
want this (e.g. disable DH key exchange) explicitly set this or the C<SSL_dh>
parameter to undef.
=item SSL_dh
Like SSL_dh_file, but instead of giving a file you use a preloaded or generated
DH*.
=item SSL_ecdh_curve
To create a server which provides forward secrecy you need to either give the DH
parameters or (better, because faster) the ECDH curve. This setting cares
about the ECDH curve(s).
To support Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellmann key exchange the OID or NID of at
least one suitable curve needs to be provided here.
With OpenSSL 1.1.0+ this parameter defaults to C<auto>, which means that it
lets OpenSSL pick the best settings. If support for CTX_set_ecdh_auto is
implemented in Net::SSLeay (needs at least version 1.86) it will use this to
implement the same default. Otherwise it will default to C<prime256v1>
(builtin of OpenSSL) in order to offer ECDH key exchange by default.
If setting groups or curves is supported by Net::SSLeay (needs at least
version 1.86) then multiple curves can be given here in the order of the
preference, i.e. C<P-521:P-384:P-256>. When used at the client side this
will include the supported curves as extension in the TLS handshake.
If you don't want to have ECDH key exchange this could be set to undef or
set C<SSL_ciphers> to exclude all of these ciphers.
You can check if ECDH support is available by calling
C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_ecdh >>.
=item SSL_verify_mode
This option sets the verification mode for the peer certificate.
You may combine SSL_VERIFY_PEER (verify_peer), SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT
(fail verification if no peer certificate exists; ignored for clients),
SSL_VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE (verify client once; ignored for clients).
See OpenSSL man page for SSL_CTX_set_verify for more information.
The default is SSL_VERIFY_NONE for server (e.g. no check for client
certificate) and SSL_VERIFY_PEER for client (check server certificate).
=item SSL_verify_callback
If you want to verify certificates yourself, you can pass a sub reference along
with this parameter to do so. When the callback is called, it will be passed:
=over 4
=item 1.
a true/false value that indicates what OpenSSL thinks of the certificate,
=item 2.
a C-style memory address of the certificate store,
=item 3.
a string containing the certificate's issuer attributes and owner attributes,
and
=item 4.
a string containing any errors encountered (0 if no errors).
=item 5.
a C-style memory address of the peer's own certificate (convertible to
PEM form with Net::SSLeay::PEM_get_string_X509()).
=item 6.
The depth of the certificate in the chain. Depth 0 is the leaf certificate.
=back
The function should return 1 or 0, depending on whether it thinks the
certificate is valid or invalid. The default is to let OpenSSL do all of the
busy work.
The callback will be called for each element in the certificate chain.
See the OpenSSL documentation for SSL_CTX_set_verify for more information.
=item SSL_verifycn_scheme
The scheme is used to correctly verify the identity inside the certificate
by using the hostname of the peer.
See the information about the verification schemes in B<verify_hostname>.
If you don't specify a scheme it will use 'default', but only complain loudly if
the name verification fails instead of letting the whole certificate
verification fail. THIS WILL CHANGE, e.g. it will let the certificate
verification fail in the future if the hostname does not match the certificate
!!!! To override the name used in verification use B<SSL_verifycn_name>.
The scheme 'default' is a superset of the usual schemes, which will accept the
hostname in common name and subjectAltName and allow wildcards everywhere.
While using this scheme is way more secure than no name verification at all you
better should use the scheme specific to your application protocol, e.g. 'http',
'ftp'...
If you are really sure, that you don't want to verify the identity using the
hostname you can use 'none' as a scheme. In this case you'd better have
alternative forms of verification, like a certificate fingerprint or do a manual
verification later by calling B<verify_hostname> yourself.
=item SSL_verifycn_publicsuffix
This option is used to specify the behavior when checking wildcards certificates
for public suffixes, e.g. no wildcard certificates for *.com or *.co.uk should
be accepted, while *.example.com or *.example.co.uk is ok.
If not specified it will simply use the builtin default of
L<IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix>, you can create another object with
from_string or from_file of this module.
To disable verification of public suffix set this option to C<''>.
=item SSL_verifycn_name
Set the name which is used in verification of hostname. If SSL_verifycn_scheme
is set and no SSL_verifycn_name is given it will try to use SSL_hostname or
PeerHost and PeerAddr settings and fail if no name can be determined.
If SSL_verifycn_scheme is not set it will use a default scheme and warn if it
cannot determine a hostname, but it will not fail.
Using PeerHost or PeerAddr works only if you create the connection directly
with C<< IO::Socket::SSL->new >>, if an IO::Socket::INET object is upgraded
with B<start_SSL> the name has to be given in B<SSL_verifycn_name> or
B<SSL_hostname>.
=item SSL_check_crl
If you want to verify that the peer certificate has not been revoked
by the signing authority, set this value to true. OpenSSL will search
for the CRL in your SSL_ca_path, or use the file specified by
SSL_crl_file. See the Net::SSLeay documentation for more details.
Note that this functionality appears to be broken with OpenSSL <
v0.9.7b, so its use with lower versions will result in an error.
=item SSL_crl_file
If you want to specify the CRL file to be used, set this value to the
pathname to be used. This must be used in addition to setting
SSL_check_crl.
=item SSL_ocsp_mode
Defines how certificate revocation is done using OCSP (Online Status Revocation
Protocol). The default is to send a request for OCSP stapling to the server and
if the server sends an OCSP response back the result will be used.
Any other OCSP checking needs to be done manually with C<ocsp_resolver>.
The following flags can be combined with C<|>:
=over 8
=item SSL_OCSP_NO_STAPLE
Don't ask for OCSP stapling.
This is the default if SSL_verify_mode is VERIFY_NONE.
=item SSL_OCSP_TRY_STAPLE
Try OCSP stapling, but don't complain if it gets no stapled response back.
This is the default if SSL_verify_mode is VERIFY_PEER (the default).
=item SSL_OCSP_MUST_STAPLE
Consider it a hard error, if the server does not send a stapled OCSP response
back. Most servers currently send no stapled OCSP response back.
=item SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD
Fail hard on response errors, default is to fail soft like the browsers do.
Soft errors mean, that the OCSP response is not usable, e.g. no response,
error response, no valid signature etc.
Certificate revocations inside a verified response are considered hard errors
in any case.
Soft errors inside a stapled response are never considered hard, e.g. it is
expected that in this case an OCSP request will be send to the responsible
OCSP responder.
=item SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN
This will set up the C<ocsp_resolver> so that all certificates from the peer
chain will be checked, otherwise only the leaf certificate will be checked
against revocation.
=back
=item SSL_ocsp_staple_callback
If this callback is defined, it will be called with the SSL object and the OCSP
response handle obtained from the peer, e.g. C<<$cb->($ssl,$resp)>>.
If the peer did not provide a stapled OCSP response the function will be called
with C<$resp=undef>.
Because the OCSP response handle is no longer valid after leaving this function
it should not by copied or freed. If access to the response is necessary after
leaving this function it can be serialized with
C<Net::SSLeay::i2d_OCSP_RESPONSE>.
If no such callback is provided, it will use the default one, which verifies the
response and uses it to check if the certificate(s) of the connection got
revoked.
=item SSL_ocsp_cache
With this option a cache can be given for caching OCSP responses, which could
be shared between different SSL contexts. If not given a cache specific to the
SSL context only will be used.
You can either create a new cache with
C<< IO::Socket::SSL::OCSP_Cache->new([size]) >> or implement your own cache,
which needs to have methods C<put($key,\%entry)> and C<get($key)> (returning
C<\%entry>) where entry is the hash representation of the OCSP response with
fields like C<nextUpdate>. The default implementation of the cache will consider
responses valid as long as C<nextUpdate> is less then the current time.
=item SSL_reuse_ctx
If you have already set the above options for a previous instance of
IO::Socket::SSL, then you can reuse the SSL context of that instance by passing
it as the value for the SSL_reuse_ctx parameter. You may also create a
new instance of the IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_Context class, using any context
options that you desire without specifying connection options, and pass that
here instead.
If you use this option, all other context-related options that you pass
in the same call to new() will be ignored unless the context supplied was
invalid. Note that, contrary to versions of IO::Socket::SSL below v0.90, a
global SSL context will not be implicitly used unless you use the
set_default_context() function.
=item SSL_create_ctx_callback
With this callback you can make individual settings to the context after it
got created and the default setup was done.
The callback will be called with the CTX object from Net::SSLeay as the single
argument.
Example for limiting the server session cache size:
SSL_create_ctx_callback => sub {
my $ctx = shift;
Net::SSLeay::CTX_sess_set_cache_size($ctx,128);
}
=item SSL_session_cache_size
If you make repeated connections to the same host/port and the SSL renegotiation
time is an issue, you can turn on client-side session caching with this option
by specifying a positive cache size. For successive connections, pass the
SSL_reuse_ctx option to the new() calls (or use set_default_context()) to make
use of the cached sessions. The session cache size refers to the number of
unique host/port pairs that can be stored at one time; the oldest sessions in
the cache will be removed if new ones are added.
This option does not effect the session cache a server has for it's clients,
e.g. it does not affect SSL objects with SSL_server set.
Note that session caching with TLS 1.3 needs at least Net::SSLeay 1.86.
=item SSL_session_cache
Specifies session cache object which should be used instead of creating a new.
Overrules SSL_session_cache_size.
This option is useful if you want to reuse the cache, but not the rest of
the context.
A session cache object can be created using
C<< IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache->new( cachesize ) >>.
Use set_default_session_cache() to set a global cache object.
=item SSL_session_key
Specifies a key to use for lookups and inserts into client-side session cache.
Per default ip:port of destination will be used, but sometimes you want to
share the same session over multiple ports on the same server (like with FTPS).
=item SSL_session_id_context
This gives an id for the servers session cache. It's necessary if you want
clients to connect with a client certificate. If not given but SSL_verify_mode
specifies the need for client certificate a context unique id will be picked.
=item SSL_error_trap
When using the accept() or connect() methods, it may be the case that the
actual socket connection works but the SSL negotiation fails, as in the case of
an HTTP client connecting to an HTTPS server. Passing a subroutine ref attached
to this parameter allows you to gain control of the orphaned socket instead of
having it be closed forcibly.
The subroutine, if called, will be passed two parameters:
a reference to the socket on which the SSL negotiation failed and the full
text of the error message.
=item SSL_npn_protocols
If used on the server side it specifies list of protocols advertised by SSL
server as an array ref, e.g. ['spdy/2','http1.1'].
On the client side it specifies the protocols offered by the client for NPN
as an array ref.
See also method C<next_proto_negotiated>.
Next Protocol Negotiation (NPN) is available with Net::SSLeay 1.46+ and
openssl-1.0.1+. NPN is unavailable in TLSv1.3 protocol.
To check support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_npn() >>.
If you use this option with an unsupported Net::SSLeay/OpenSSL it will
throw an error.
=item SSL_alpn_protocols
If used on the server side it specifies list of protocols supported by the SSL
server as an array ref, e.g. ['http/2.0', 'spdy/3.1','http/1.1'].
On the client side it specifies the protocols advertised by the client for ALPN
as an array ref.
See also method C<alpn_selected>.
Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) is available with Net::SSLeay
1.56+ and openssl-1.0.2+. More details about the extension are in RFC7301. To
check support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_alpn() >>. If you use
this option with an unsupported Net::SSLeay/OpenSSL it will throw an error.
Note that some client implementations may encounter problems if both NPN and
ALPN are specified. Since ALPN is intended as a replacement for NPN, try
providing ALPN protocols then fall back to NPN if that fails.
=item SSL_ticket_keycb => [$sub,$data] | $sub
This is a callback used for stateless session reuse (Session Tickets, RFC 5077).
This callback will be called as C<< $sub->($data,[$key_name]) >> where C<$data>
is the argument given to SSL_ticket_keycb (or undef) and C<$key_name> depends
on the mode:
=over 8
=item encrypt ticket
If a ticket needs to be encrypted the callback will be called without
C<$key_name>. In this case it should return C<($current_key,$current_key_name>)
where C<$current_key> is the current key (32 byte random data) and
C<$current_key_name> the name associated with this key (exactly 16 byte). This
C<$current_key_name> will be incorporated into the ticket.
=item decrypt ticket
If a ticket needs to be decrypted the callback will be called with C<$key_name>
as found in the ticket. It should return C<($key,$current_key_name>) where
C<$key> is the key associated with the given C<$key_name> and
C<$current_key_name> the name associated with the currently active key.
If C<$current_key_name> is different from the given C<$key_name> the callback
will be called again to re-encrypt the ticket with the currently active key.
If no key can be found which matches the given C<$key_name> then this function
should return nothing (empty list).
This mechanism should be used to limit the life time for each key encrypting the
ticket. Compromise of a ticket encryption key might lead to decryption of SSL
sessions which used session tickets protected by this key.
=back
Example:
Net::SSLeay::RAND_bytes(my $oldkey,32);
Net::SSLeay::RAND_bytes(my $newkey,32);
my $oldkey_name = pack("a16",'oldsecret');
my $newkey_name = pack("a16",'newsecret');
my @keys = (
[ $newkey_name, $newkey ], # current active key
[ $oldkey_name, $oldkey ], # already expired
);
my $keycb = [ sub {
my ($mykeys,$name) = @_;
# return (current_key, current_key_name) if no name given
return ($mykeys->[0][1],$mykeys->[0][0]) if ! $name;
# return (matching_key, current_key_name) if we find a key matching
# the given name
for(my $i = 0; $i<@$mykeys; $i++) {
next if $name ne $mykeys->[$i][0];
return ($mykeys->[$i][1],$mykeys->[0][0]);
}
# no matching key found
return;
},\@keys ];
my $srv = IO::Socket::SSL->new(..., SSL_ticket_keycb => $keycb);
=back
=item B<accept>
This behaves similar to the accept function of the underlying socket class, but
additionally does the initial SSL handshake. But because the underlying socket
class does return a blocking file handle even when accept is called on a
non-blocking socket, the SSL handshake on the new file object will be done in a
blocking way. Please see the section about non-blocking I/O for details.
If you don't like this behavior you should do accept on the TCP socket and then
upgrade it with C<start_SSL> later.
=item B<connect(...)>
This behaves similar to the connect function but also does an SSL handshake.
Because you cannot give SSL specific arguments to this function, you should
better either use C<new> to create a connect SSL socket or C<start_SSL> to
upgrade an established TCP socket to SSL.
=item B<close(...)>
Contrary to a close for a simple INET socket a close in SSL also mandates a
proper shutdown of the SSL part. This is done by sending a close notify message
by both peers.
A naive implementation would thus wait until it receives the
close notify message from the peer - which conflicts with the commonly expected
semantic that a close will not block. The default behavior is thus to only send
a close notify but not wait for the close notify of the peer. If this is
required C<SSL_fast_shutdown> need to be explicitly set to false.
There are also cases where a SSL shutdown should not be done at all. This is
true for example when forking to let a child deal with the socket and closing
the socket in the parent process. A naive explicit C<close> or an implicit close
when destroying the socket in the parent would send a close notify to the peer
which would make the SSL socket in the client process unusable. In this case an
explicit C<close> with C<SSL_no_shutdown> set to true should be done in the
parent process.
For more details and other arguments see C<stop_SSL> which gets called from
C<close> to shutdown the SSL state of the socket.
=item B<sysread( BUF, LEN, [ OFFSET ] )>
This function behaves from the outside the same as B<sysread> in other
L<IO::Socket> objects, e.g. it returns at most LEN bytes of data.
But in reality it reads not only LEN bytes from the underlying socket, but at
a single SSL frame. It then returns up to LEN bytes it decrypted from this SSL
frame. If the frame contained more data than requested it will return only LEN
data, buffer the rest and return it on further read calls.
This means, that it might be possible to read data, even if the underlying
socket is not readable, so using poll or select might not be sufficient.
sysread will only return data from a single SSL frame, e.g. either the pending
data from the already buffered frame or it will read a frame from the underlying
socket and return the decrypted data. It will not return data spanning several
SSL frames in a single call.
Also, calls to sysread might fail, because it must first finish an SSL
handshake.
To understand these behaviors is essential, if you write applications which use
event loops and/or non-blocking sockets. Please read the specific sections in
this documentation.
=item B<syswrite( BUF, [ LEN, [ OFFSET ]] )>
This functions behaves from the outside the same as B<syswrite> in other
L<IO::Socket> objects, e.g. it will write at most LEN bytes to the socket, but
there is no guarantee, that all LEN bytes are written. It will return the number
of bytes written.
Because it basically just calls SSL_write from OpenSSL syswrite will write at
most a single SSL frame. This means, that no more than 16.384 bytes, which is
the maximum size of an SSL frame, will be written at once.
For non-blocking sockets SSL specific behavior applies.
Pease read the specific section in this documentation.
=item B<peek( BUF, LEN, [ OFFSET ])>
This function has exactly the same syntax as B<sysread>, and performs nearly the
same task but will not advance the read position so that successive calls to
peek() with the same arguments will return the same results. This function
requires OpenSSL 0.9.6a or later to work.
=item B<pending()>
This function gives you the number of bytes available without reading from the
underlying socket object. This function is essential if you work with event
loops, please see the section about polling SSL sockets.
=item B<get_fingerprint([algo,certificate,pubkey])>
This methods returns the fingerprint of the given certificate in the form
C<algo$digest_hex>, where C<algo> is the used algorithm, default 'sha256'.
If no certificate is given the peer certificate of the connection is used.
If C<pubkey> is true it will not return the fingerprint of the certificate but
instead the fingerprint of the pubkey inside the certificate as
C<algo$pub$digest_hex>.
=item B<get_fingerprint_bin([algo,certificate,pubkey])>
This methods returns the binary fingerprint of the given certificate by using
the algorithm C<algo>, default 'sha256'.
If no certificate is given the peer certificate of the connection is used.
If C<pubkey> is true it will not return the fingerprint of the certificate but
instead the fingerprint of the pubkey inside the certificate.
=item B<get_cipher()>
Returns the string form of the cipher that the IO::Socket::SSL object is using.
=item B<get_sslversion()>
Returns the string representation of the SSL version of an established
connection.
=item B<get_sslversion_int()>
Returns the integer representation of the SSL version of an established
connection.
=item B<get_session_reused()>
This returns true if the session got reused and false otherwise. Note that with
a reused session no certificates are send within the handshake and no ciphers
are offered and thus functions which rely on this might not work.
=item B<dump_peer_certificate()>
Returns a parsable string with select fields from the peer SSL certificate.
This method directly returns the result of the dump_peer_certificate() method of
Net::SSLeay.
=item B<peer_certificate($field;[$refresh])>
If a peer certificate exists, this function can retrieve values from it.
If no field is given the internal representation of certificate from Net::SSLeay
is returned.
If refresh is true it will not used a cached version, but check again in case
the certificate of the connection has changed due to renegotiation.
The following fields can be queried:
=over 8
=item authority (alias issuer)
The certificate authority which signed the certificate.
=item owner (alias subject)
The owner of the certificate.
=item commonName (alias cn) - only for Net::SSLeay version >=1.30
The common name, usually the server name for SSL certificates.
=item subjectAltNames - only for Net::SSLeay version >=1.33
Alternative names for the subject, usually different names for the same
server, like example.org, example.com, *.example.com.
It returns a list of (typ,value) with typ GEN_DNS, GEN_IPADD etc (these
constants are exported from IO::Socket::SSL).
See Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subjectAltNames.
=back
=item B<sock_certificate($field)>
This is similar to C<peer_certificate> but will return the sites own
certificate. The same arguments for B<$field> can be used.
If no B<$field> is given the certificate handle from the underlying OpenSSL will
be returned. This handle will only be valid as long as the SSL connection exists
and if used afterwards it might result in strange crashes of the application.
=item B<peer_certificates>
This returns all the certificates send by the peer, e.g. first the peers own
certificate and then the rest of the chain. You might use B<CERT_asHash> from
L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils> to inspect each of the certificates.
This function depends on a version of Net::SSLeay >= 1.58 .
=item B<get_servername>
This gives the name requested by the client if Server Name Indication
(SNI) was used.
=item B<verify_hostname($hostname,$scheme,$publicsuffix)>
This verifies the given hostname against the peer certificate using the
given scheme. Hostname is usually what you specify within the PeerAddr.
See the C<SSL_verifycn_publicsuffix> parameter for an explanation of suffix
checking and for the possible values.
Verification of hostname against a certificate is different between various
applications and RFCs. Some scheme allow wildcards for hostnames, some only
in subjectAltNames, and even their different wildcard schemes are possible.
RFC 6125 provides a good overview.
To ease the verification the following schemes are predefined (both protocol
name and rfcXXXX name can be used):
=over 8
=item rfc2818, xmpp (rfc3920), ftp (rfc4217)
Extended wildcards in subjectAltNames and common name are possible, e.g.
*.example.org or even www*.example.org. The common
name will be only checked if no DNS names are given in subjectAltNames.
=item http (alias www)
While name checking is defined in rfc2818 the current browsers usually accept
also an IP address (w/o wildcards) within the common name as long as no
subjectAltNames are defined. Thus this is rfc2818 extended with this feature.
=item smtp (rfc2595), imap, pop3, acap (rfc4642), netconf (rfc5538), syslog (rfc5425), snmp (rfc5953)
Simple wildcards in subjectAltNames are possible, e.g. *.example.org matches
www.example.org but not lala.www.example.org. If nothing from subjectAltNames
match it checks against the common name, where wildcards are also allowed to
match the full leftmost label.
=item ldap (rfc4513)
Simple wildcards are allowed in subjectAltNames, but not in common name.
Common name will be checked even if subjectAltNames exist.
=item sip (rfc5922)
No wildcards are allowed and common name is checked even if subjectAltNames
exist.
=item gist (rfc5971)
Simple wildcards are allowed in subjectAltNames and common name, but common name
will only be checked if their are no DNS names in subjectAltNames.
=item default
This is a superset of all the rules and is automatically used if no scheme is
given but a hostname (instead of IP) is known.
Extended wildcards are allowed in subjectAltNames and common name and common
name is checked always.
=item none
No verification will be done.
Actually is does not make any sense to call verify_hostname in this case.
=back
The scheme can be given either by specifying the name for one of the above
predefined schemes, or by using a hash which can have the following keys and
values:
=over 8
=item check_cn: 0|'always'|'when_only'
Determines if the common name gets checked. If 'always' it will always be
checked (like in ldap), if 'when_only' it will only be checked if no names are
given in subjectAltNames (like in http), for any other values the common name
will not be checked.
=item wildcards_in_alt: 0|'full_label'|'anywhere'
Determines if and where wildcards in subjectAltNames are possible. If
'full_label' only cases like *.example.org will be possible (like in ldap), for
'anywhere' www*.example.org is possible too (like http), dangerous things like
but www.*.org or even '*' will not be allowed.
For compatibility with older versions 'leftmost' can be given instead of
'full_label'.
=item wildcards_in_cn: 0|'full_label'|'anywhere'
Similar to wildcards_in_alt, but checks the common name. There is no predefined
scheme which allows wildcards in common names.
=item ip_in_cn: 0|1|4|6
Determines if an IP address is allowed in the common name (no wildcards are
allowed). If set to 4 or 6 it only allows IPv4 or IPv6 addresses, any other
true value allows both.
=item callback: \&coderef
If you give a subroutine for verification it will be called with the arguments
($hostname,$commonName,@subjectAltNames), where hostname is the name given for
verification, commonName is the result from peer_certificate('cn') and
subjectAltNames is the result from peer_certificate('subjectAltNames').
All other arguments for the verification scheme will be ignored in this case.
=back
=item B<next_proto_negotiated()>
This method returns the name of negotiated protocol - e.g. 'http/1.1'. It works
for both client and server side of SSL connection.
NPN support is available with Net::SSLeay 1.46+ and openssl-1.0.1+.
To check support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_npn() >>.
=item B<alpn_selected()>
Returns the protocol negotiated via ALPN as a string, e.g. 'http/1.1',
'http/2.0' or 'spdy/3.1'.
ALPN support is available with Net::SSLeay 1.56+ and openssl-1.0.2+.
To check support, use C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_alpn() >>.
=item B<errstr()>
Returns the last error (in string form) that occurred. If you do not have a
real object to perform this method on, call IO::Socket::SSL::errstr() instead.
For read and write errors on non-blocking sockets, this method may include the
string C<SSL wants a read first!> or C<SSL wants a write first!> meaning that
the other side is expecting to read from or write to the socket and wants to be
satisfied before you get to do anything. But with version 0.98 you are better
comparing the global exported variable $SSL_ERROR against the exported symbols
SSL_WANT_READ and SSL_WANT_WRITE.
=item B<opened()>
This returns false if the socket could not be opened, 1 if the socket could be
opened and the SSL handshake was successful done and -1 if the underlying
IO::Handle is open, but the SSL handshake failed.
=item B<< IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($socket, ... ) >>
This will convert a glob reference or a socket that you provide to an
IO::Socket::SSL object. You may also pass parameters to specify context or
connection options as with a call to new(). If you are using this function on
an accept()ed socket, you must set the parameter "SSL_server" to 1, i.e.
IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($socket, SSL_server => 1). If you have a class that
inherits from IO::Socket::SSL and you want the $socket to be blessed into your
own class instead, use MyClass->start_SSL($socket) to achieve the desired
effect.
Note that if start_SSL() fails in SSL negotiation, $socket will remain blessed
in its original class. For non-blocking sockets you better just upgrade the
socket to IO::Socket::SSL and call accept_SSL or connect_SSL and the upgraded
object. To just upgrade the socket set B<SSL_startHandshake> explicitly to 0. If
you call start_SSL w/o this parameter it will revert to blocking behavior for
accept_SSL and connect_SSL.
If given the parameter "Timeout" it will stop if after the timeout no SSL
connection was established. This parameter is only used for blocking sockets, if
it is not given the default Timeout from the underlying IO::Socket will be
used.
=item B<stop_SSL(...)>
This is the opposite of start_SSL(), connect_SSL() and accept_SSL(), e.g. it
will shutdown the SSL connection and return to the class before start_SSL(). It
gets the same arguments as close(), in fact close() calls stop_SSL() (but
without downgrading the class).
Will return true if it succeeded and undef if failed. This might be the case for
non-blocking sockets. In this case $! is set to EWOULDBLOCK and the ssl error to
SSL_WANT_READ or SSL_WANT_WRITE. In this case the call should be retried again
with the same arguments once the socket is ready.
For calling from C<stop_SSL> C<SSL_fast_shutdown> default to false, e.g. it
waits for the close_notify of the peer. This is necessary in case you want to
downgrade the socket and continue to use it as a plain socket.
After stop_SSL the socket can again be used to exchange plain data.
=item B<connect_SSL>, B<accept_SSL>
These functions should be used to do the relevant handshake, if the socket got
created with C<new> or upgraded with C<start_SSL> and C<SSL_startHandshake> was
set to false.
They will return undef until the handshake succeeded or an error got thrown.
As long as the function returns undef and $! is set to EWOULDBLOCK one could
retry the call after the socket got readable (SSL_WANT_READ) or writeable
(SSL_WANT_WRITE).
=item B<ocsp_resolver>
This will create an OCSP resolver object, which can be used to create OCSP
requests for the certificates of the SSL connection. Which certificates are
verified depends on the setting of C<SSL_ocsp_mode>: by default only the leaf
certificate will be checked, but with SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN all chain
certificates will be checked.
Because to create an OCSP request the certificate and its issuer certificate
need to be known it is not possible to check certificates when the trust chain
is incomplete or if the certificate is self-signed.
The OCSP resolver gets created by calling C<< $ssl->ocsp_resolver >> and
provides the following methods:
=over 8
=item hard_error
This returns the hard error when checking the OCSP response.
Hard errors are certificate revocations. With the C<SSL_ocsp_mode> of
SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD any soft error (e.g. failures to get signed information
about the certificates) will be considered a hard error too.
The OCSP resolving will stop on the first hard error.
The method will return undef as long as no hard errors occurred and still
requests to be resolved. If all requests got resolved and no hard errors
occurred the method will return C<''>.
=item soft_error
This returns the soft error(s) which occurred when asking the OCSP responders.
=item requests
This will return a hash consisting of C<(url,request)>-tuples, e.g. which
contain the OCSP request string and the URL where it should be sent too. The
usual way to send such a request is as HTTP POST request with a content-type
of C<application/ocsp-request> or as a GET request with the base64 and
url-encoded request is added to the path of the URL.
After you've handled all these requests and added the response with
C<add_response> you should better call this method again to make sure, that no
more requests are outstanding. IO::Socket::SSL will combine multiple OCSP
requests for the same server inside a single request, but some server don't
give a response to all these requests, so that one has to ask again with the
remaining requests.
=item add_response($uri,$response)
This method takes the HTTP body of the response which got received when sending
the OCSP request to C<$uri>. If no response was received or an error occurred
one should either retry or consider C<$response> as empty which will trigger a
soft error.
The method returns the current value of C<hard_error>, e.g. a defined value
when no more requests need to be done.
=item resolve_blocking(%args)
This combines C<requests> and C<add_response> which L<HTTP::Tiny> to do all
necessary requests in a blocking way. C<%args> will be given to L<HTTP::Tiny>
so that you can put proxy settings etc here. L<HTTP::Tiny> will be called with
C<verify_SSL> of false, because the OCSP responses have their own signatures so
no extra SSL verification is needed.
If you don't want to use blocking requests you need to roll your own user agent
with C<requests> and C<add_response>.
=back
=item B<< IO::Socket::SSL->new_from_fd($fd, [mode], %sslargs) >>
This will convert a socket identified via a file descriptor into an SSL socket.
Note that the argument list does not include a "MODE" argument; if you supply
one, it will be thoughtfully ignored (for compatibility with IO::Socket::INET).
Instead, a mode of '+<' is assumed, and the file descriptor passed must be able
to handle such I/O because the initial SSL handshake requires bidirectional
communication.
Internally the given $fd will be upgraded to a socket object using the
C<new_from_fd> method of the super class (L<IO::Socket::INET> or similar) and
then C<start_SSL> will be called using the given C<%sslargs>.
If C<$fd> is already an IO::Socket object you should better call C<start_SSL>
directly.
=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::default_ca([ path|dir| SSL_ca_file => ..., SSL_ca_path => ... ])>
Determines or sets the default CA path.
If existing path or dir or a hash is given it will set the default CA path to
this value and never try to detect it automatically.
If C<undef> is given it will forget any stored defaults and continue with
detection of system defaults.
If no arguments are given it will start detection of system defaults, unless it
has already stored user-set or previously detected values.
The detection of system defaults works similar to OpenSSL, e.g. it will check
the directory specified in environment variable SSL_CERT_DIR or the path
OPENSSLDIR/certs (SSLCERTS: on VMS) and the file specified in environment
variable SSL_CERT_FILE or the path OPENSSLDIR/cert.pem (SSLCERTS:cert.pem on
VMS). Contrary to OpenSSL it will check if the SSL_ca_path contains PEM files
with the hash as file name and if the SSL_ca_file looks like PEM.
If no usable system default can be found it will try to load and use
L<Mozilla::CA> and if not available give up detection.
The result of the detection will be saved to speed up future calls.
The function returns the saved default CA as hash with SSL_ca_file and
SSL_ca_path.
=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_default_context(...)>
You may use this to make IO::Socket::SSL automatically re-use a given context
(unless specifically overridden in a call to new()).
It accepts one argument, which should be either an IO::Socket::SSL object or an
IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_Context object.
See the SSL_reuse_ctx option of new() for more details.
Note that this sets the default context globally, so use with caution (esp. in
mod_perl scripts).
=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_default_session_cache(...)>
You may use this to make IO::Socket::SSL automatically re-use a given session
cache (unless specifically overridden in a call to new()).
It accepts one argument, which should be an IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache
object or similar (e.g. something which implements get_session, add_session and
del_session like IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache does).
See the SSL_session_cache option of new() for more details.
Note that this sets the default cache globally, so use with caution.
=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_defaults(%args)>
With this function one can set defaults for all SSL_* parameter used for
creation of the context, like the SSL_verify* parameter. Any SSL_* parameter can
be given or the following short versions:
=over 8
=item mode - SSL_verify_mode
=item callback - SSL_verify_callback
=item scheme - SSL_verifycn_scheme
=item name - SSL_verifycn_name
=back
=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_client_defaults(%args)>
Similar to C<set_defaults>, but only sets the defaults for client mode.
=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_server_defaults(%args)>
Similar to C<set_defaults>, but only sets the defaults for server mode.
=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_args_filter_hack(\&code|'use_defaults')>
Sometimes one has to use code which uses unwanted or invalid arguments for SSL,
typically disabling SSL verification or setting wrong ciphers or SSL versions.
With this hack it is possible to override these settings and restore sanity.
Example:
IO::Socket::SSL::set_args_filter_hack( sub {
my ($is_server,$args) = @_;
if ( ! $is_server ) {
# client settings - enable verification with default CA
# and fallback hostname verification etc
delete @{$args}{qw(
SSL_verify_mode
SSL_ca_file
SSL_ca_path
SSL_verifycn_scheme
SSL_version
)};
# and add some fingerprints for known certs which are signed by
# unknown CAs or are self-signed
$args->{SSL_fingerprint} = ...
}
});
With the short setting C<set_args_filter_hack('use_defaults')> it will prefer
the default settings in all cases. These default settings can be modified with
C<set_defaults>, C<set_client_defaults> and C<set_server_defaults>.
=back
The following methods are unsupported (not to mention futile!) and
IO::Socket::SSL will emit a large CROAK() if you are silly enough to use them:
=over 4
=item truncate
=item stat
=item ungetc
=item setbuf
=item setvbuf
=item fdopen
=item send/recv
Note that send() and recv() cannot be reliably trapped by a tied filehandle
(such as that used by IO::Socket::SSL) and so may send unencrypted data over the
socket. Object-oriented calls to these functions will fail, telling you to use
the print/printf/syswrite and read/sysread families instead.
=back
=head1 DEPRECATIONS
The following functions are deprecated and are only retained for compatibility:
=over 2
=item context_init()
use the SSL_reuse_ctx option if you want to re-use a context
=item socketToSSL() and socket_to_SSL()
use IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL() instead
=item kill_socket()
use close() instead
=item get_peer_certificate()
use the peer_certificate() function instead.
Used to return X509_Certificate with methods subject_name and issuer_name.
Now simply returns $self which has these methods (although deprecated).
=item issuer_name()
use peer_certificate( 'issuer' ) instead
=item subject_name()
use peer_certificate( 'subject' ) instead
=back
=head1 EXAMPLES
See the 'example' directory, the tests in 't' and also the tools in 'util'.
=head1 BUGS
If you use IO::Socket::SSL together with threads you should load it (e.g. use or
require) inside the main thread before creating any other threads which use it.
This way it is much faster because it will be initialized only once. Also there
are reports that it might crash the other way.
Creating an IO::Socket::SSL object in one thread and closing it in another
thread will not work.
IO::Socket::SSL does not work together with Storable::fd_retrieve/fd_store.
See BUGS file for more information and how to work around the problem.
Non-blocking and timeouts (which are based on non-blocking) are not
supported on Win32, because the underlying IO::Socket::INET does not support
non-blocking on this platform.
If you have a server and it looks like you have a memory leak you might
check the size of your session cache. Default for Net::SSLeay seems to be
20480, see the example for SSL_create_ctx_callback for how to limit it.
TLS 1.3 support regarding session reuse is incomplete.
=head1 SEE ALSO
IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET6, IO::Socket::IP, Net::SSLeay.
=head1 THANKS
Many thanks to all who added patches or reported bugs or helped IO::Socket::SSL
another way. Please keep reporting bugs and help with patches, even if they just
fix the documentation.
Special thanks to the team of Net::SSLeay for the good cooperation.
=head1 AUTHORS
Steffen Ullrich, <sullr at cpan.org> is the current maintainer.
Peter Behroozi, <behrooz at fas.harvard.edu> (Note the lack of an "i" at the end of "behrooz")
Marko Asplund, <marko.asplund at kronodoc.fi>, was the original author of IO::Socket::SSL.
Patches incorporated from various people, see file Changes.
=head1 COPYRIGHT
The original versions of this module are Copyright (C) 1999-2002 Marko Asplund.
The rewrite of this module is Copyright (C) 2002-2005 Peter Behroozi.
Versions 0.98 and newer are Copyright (C) 2006-2014 Steffen Ullrich.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
Socket/SSL.pm 0000644 00000315345 15051135233 0007004 0 ustar 00 #vim: set sts=4 sw=4 ts=8 ai:
#
# IO::Socket::SSL:
# provide an interface to SSL connections similar to IO::Socket modules
#
# Current Code Shepherd: Steffen Ullrich <sullr at cpan.org>
# Code Shepherd before: Peter Behroozi, <behrooz at fas.harvard.edu>
#
# The original version of this module was written by
# Marko Asplund, <marko.asplund at kronodoc.fi>, who drew from
# Crypt::SSLeay (Net::SSL) by Gisle Aas.
#
package IO::Socket::SSL;
our $VERSION = '2.066';
use IO::Socket;
use Net::SSLeay 1.46;
use IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix;
use Exporter ();
use Errno qw( EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN ETIMEDOUT EINTR EPIPE );
use Carp;
use strict;
my $use_threads;
BEGIN {
die "no support for weaken - please install Scalar::Util" if ! do {
local $SIG{__DIE__};
eval { require Scalar::Util; Scalar::Util->import("weaken"); 1 }
|| eval { require WeakRef; WeakRef->import("weaken"); 1 }
};
require Config;
$use_threads = $Config::Config{usethreads};
}
# results from commonly used constant functions from Net::SSLeay for fast access
my $Net_SSLeay_ERROR_WANT_READ = Net::SSLeay::ERROR_WANT_READ();
my $Net_SSLeay_ERROR_WANT_WRITE = Net::SSLeay::ERROR_WANT_WRITE();
my $Net_SSLeay_ERROR_SYSCALL = Net::SSLeay::ERROR_SYSCALL();
my $Net_SSLeay_VERIFY_NONE = Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_NONE();
my $Net_SSLeay_VERIFY_PEER = Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_PEER();
use constant SSL_VERIFY_NONE => &Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_NONE;
use constant SSL_VERIFY_PEER => &Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_PEER;
use constant SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT => Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT();
use constant SSL_VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE => Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE();
# from openssl/ssl.h; should be better in Net::SSLeay
use constant SSL_SENT_SHUTDOWN => 1;
use constant SSL_RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN => 2;
use constant SSL_OCSP_NO_STAPLE => 0b00001;
use constant SSL_OCSP_MUST_STAPLE => 0b00010;
use constant SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD => 0b00100;
use constant SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN => 0b01000;
use constant SSL_OCSP_TRY_STAPLE => 0b10000;
# capabilities of underlying Net::SSLeay/openssl
my $can_client_sni; # do we support SNI on the client side
my $can_server_sni; # do we support SNI on the server side
my $can_multi_cert; # RSA and ECC certificate in same context
my $can_npn; # do we support NPN (obsolete)
my $can_alpn; # do we support ALPN
my $can_ecdh; # do we support ECDH key exchange
my $set_groups_list; # SSL_CTX_set1_groups_list || SSL_CTX_set1_curves_list || undef
my $can_ocsp; # do we support OCSP
my $can_ocsp_staple; # do we support OCSP stapling
my $can_tckt_keycb; # TLS ticket key callback
my $can_pha; # do we support PHA
my $session_upref; # SSL_SESSION_up_ref is implemented
my %sess_cb; # SSL_CTX_sess_set_(new|remove)_cb
my $check_partial_chain; # use X509_V_FLAG_PARTIAL_CHAIN if available
my $openssl_version;
my $netssleay_version;
BEGIN {
$openssl_version = Net::SSLeay::OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER();
$netssleay_version = do { no warnings; $Net::SSLeay::VERSION + 0.0; };
$can_client_sni = $openssl_version >= 0x10000000;
$can_server_sni = defined &Net::SSLeay::get_servername;
$can_npn = defined &Net::SSLeay::P_next_proto_negotiated &&
! Net::SSLeay::constant("LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER");
# LibreSSL 2.6.1 disabled NPN by keeping the relevant functions
# available but removed the actual functionality from these functions.
$can_alpn = defined &Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_alpn_protos;
$can_ecdh =
($openssl_version >= 0x1010000f) ? 'auto' :
defined(&Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_ecdh_auto) ? 'can_auto' :
(defined &Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_tmp_ecdh &&
# There is a regression with elliptic curves on 1.0.1d with 64bit
# http://rt.openssl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=2975
( $openssl_version != 0x1000104f
|| length(pack("P",0)) == 4 )) ? 'tmp_ecdh' :
'';
$set_groups_list =
defined &Net::SSLeay::CTX_set1_groups_list ? \&Net::SSLeay::CTX_set1_groups_list :
defined &Net::SSLeay::CTX_set1_curves_list ? \&Net::SSLeay::CTX_set1_curves_list :
undef;
$can_multi_cert = $can_ecdh
&& $openssl_version >= 0x10002000;
$can_ocsp = defined &Net::SSLeay::OCSP_cert2ids
# OCSP got broken in 1.75..1.77
&& ($netssleay_version < 1.75 || $netssleay_version > 1.77);
$can_ocsp_staple = $can_ocsp
&& defined &Net::SSLeay::set_tlsext_status_type;
$can_tckt_keycb = defined &Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_tlsext_ticket_getkey_cb
&& $netssleay_version >= 1.80;
$can_pha = defined &Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_post_handshake_auth;
if (defined &Net::SSLeay::SESSION_up_ref) {
$session_upref = 1;
}
if ($session_upref
&& defined &Net::SSLeay::CTX_sess_set_new_cb
&& defined &Net::SSLeay::CTX_sess_set_remove_cb) {
%sess_cb = (
new => \&Net::SSLeay::CTX_sess_set_new_cb,
remove => \&Net::SSLeay::CTX_sess_set_remove_cb,
);
}
if (my $c = defined &Net::SSLeay::CTX_get0_param
&& eval { Net::SSLeay::X509_V_FLAG_PARTIAL_CHAIN() }) {
$check_partial_chain = sub {
my $ctx = shift;
my $param = Net::SSLeay::CTX_get0_param($ctx);
Net::SSLeay::X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set_flags($param, $c);
};
}
}
my $algo2digest = do {
my %digest;
sub {
my $digest_name = shift;
return $digest{$digest_name} ||= do {
Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms();
Net::SSLeay::EVP_get_digestbyname($digest_name)
or die "Digest algorithm $digest_name is not available";
};
}
};
my $CTX_tlsv1_3_new;
if ( defined &Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_min_proto_version
and defined &Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_max_proto_version
and my $tls13 = eval { Net::SSLeay::TLS1_3_VERSION() }
) {
$CTX_tlsv1_3_new = sub {
my $ctx = Net::SSLeay::CTX_new();
return $ctx if Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_min_proto_version($ctx,$tls13)
&& Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_max_proto_version($ctx,$tls13);
Net::SSLeay::CTX_free($ctx);
return;
};
}
# global defaults
my %DEFAULT_SSL_ARGS = (
SSL_check_crl => 0,
SSL_version => '',
SSL_verify_callback => undef,
SSL_verifycn_scheme => undef, # fallback cn verification
SSL_verifycn_publicsuffix => undef, # fallback default list verification
#SSL_verifycn_name => undef, # use from PeerAddr/PeerHost - do not override in set_args_filter_hack 'use_defaults'
SSL_npn_protocols => undef, # meaning depends whether on server or client side
SSL_alpn_protocols => undef, # list of protocols we'll accept/send, for example ['http/1.1','spdy/3.1']
# Use system-wide default cipher list to support use of system-wide
# crypto policy (#1076390, #1127577, CPAN RT#97816)
# https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/CryptoPolicy
SSL_cipher_list => 'PROFILE=SYSTEM',
);
my %DEFAULT_SSL_CLIENT_ARGS = (
%DEFAULT_SSL_ARGS,
SSL_verify_mode => SSL_VERIFY_PEER,
SSL_ca_file => undef,
SSL_ca_path => undef,
);
# set values inside _init to work with perlcc, RT#95452
my %DEFAULT_SSL_SERVER_ARGS;
# Initialization of OpenSSL internals
# This will be called once during compilation - perlcc users might need to
# call it again by hand, see RT#95452
{
sub init {
# library_init returns false if the library was already initialized.
# This way we can find out if the library needs to be re-initialized
# inside code compiled with perlcc
Net::SSLeay::library_init() or return;
Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings();
Net::SSLeay::OpenSSL_add_all_digests();
Net::SSLeay::randomize();
%DEFAULT_SSL_SERVER_ARGS = (
%DEFAULT_SSL_ARGS,
SSL_verify_mode => SSL_VERIFY_NONE,
SSL_honor_cipher_order => 1, # trust server to know the best cipher
SSL_dh => do {
my $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new(Net::SSLeay::BIO_s_mem());
# generated with: openssl dhparam 2048
Net::SSLeay::BIO_write($bio,<<'DH');
-----BEGIN DH PARAMETERS-----
MIIBCAKCAQEAr8wskArj5+1VCVsnWt/RUR7tXkHJ7mGW7XxrLSPOaFyKyWf8lZht
iSY2Lc4oa4Zw8wibGQ3faeQu/s8fvPq/aqTxYmyHPKCMoze77QJHtrYtJAosB9SY
CN7s5Hexxb5/vQ4qlQuOkVrZDiZO9GC4KaH9mJYnCoAsXDhDft6JT0oRVSgtZQnU
gWFKShIm+JVjN94kGs0TcBEesPTK2g8XVHK9H8AtSUb9BwW2qD/T5RmgNABysApO
Ps2vlkxjAHjJcqc3O+OiImKik/X2rtBTZjpKmzN3WWTB0RJZCOWaLlDO81D01o1E
aZecz3Np9KIYey900f+X7zC2bJxEHp95ywIBAg==
-----END DH PARAMETERS-----
DH
my $dh = Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_DHparams($bio);
Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio);
$dh or die "no DH";
$dh;
},
(
$can_ecdh eq 'auto' ? () : # automatically enabled by openssl
$can_ecdh eq 'can_auto' ? (SSL_ecdh_curve => 'auto') :
$can_ecdh eq 'tmp_ecdh' ? ( SSL_ecdh_curve => 'prime256v1' ) :
(),
)
);
}
# Call it once at compile time and try it at INIT.
# This should catch all cases of including the module, e.g. 'use' (INIT) or
# 'require' (compile time) and works also with perlcc
{
no warnings;
INIT { init() }
init();
}
}
# global defaults which can be changed using set_defaults
# either key/value can be set or it can just be set to an external hash
my $GLOBAL_SSL_ARGS = {};
my $GLOBAL_SSL_CLIENT_ARGS = {};
my $GLOBAL_SSL_SERVER_ARGS = {};
# hack which is used to filter bad settings from used modules
my $FILTER_SSL_ARGS = undef;
# non-XS Versions of Scalar::Util will fail
BEGIN{
die "You need the XS Version of Scalar::Util for dualvar() support" if !do {
local $SIG{__DIE__}; local $SIG{__WARN__}; # be silent
eval { use Scalar::Util 'dualvar'; dualvar(0,''); 1 };
};
}
# get constants for SSL_OP_NO_* now, instead calling the related functions
# every time we setup a connection
my %SSL_OP_NO;
for(qw( SSLv2 SSLv3 TLSv1 TLSv1_1 TLSv11:TLSv1_1 TLSv1_2 TLSv12:TLSv1_2
TLSv1_3 TLSv13:TLSv1_3 )) {
my ($k,$op) = m{:} ? split(m{:},$_,2) : ($_,$_);
my $sub = "Net::SSLeay::OP_NO_$op";
local $SIG{__DIE__};
$SSL_OP_NO{$k} = eval { no strict 'refs'; &$sub } || 0;
}
# Make SSL_CTX_clear_options accessible through SSL_CTX_ctrl unless it is
# already implemented in Net::SSLeay
if (!defined &Net::SSLeay::CTX_clear_options) {
*Net::SSLeay::CTX_clear_options = sub {
my ($ctx,$opt) = @_;
# 77 = SSL_CTRL_CLEAR_OPTIONS
Net::SSLeay::CTX_ctrl($ctx,77,$opt,0);
};
}
# Try to work around problems with alternative trust path by default, RT#104759
my $DEFAULT_X509_STORE_flags = 0;
{
local $SIG{__DIE__};
eval { $DEFAULT_X509_STORE_flags |= Net::SSLeay::X509_V_FLAG_TRUSTED_FIRST() };
}
our $DEBUG;
use vars qw(@ISA $SSL_ERROR @EXPORT);
{
# These constants will be used in $! at return from SSL_connect,
# SSL_accept, _generic_(read|write), thus notifying the caller
# the usual way of problems. Like with EWOULDBLOCK, EINPROGRESS..
# these are especially important for non-blocking sockets
my $x = $Net_SSLeay_ERROR_WANT_READ;
use constant SSL_WANT_READ => dualvar( \$x, 'SSL wants a read first' );
my $y = $Net_SSLeay_ERROR_WANT_WRITE;
use constant SSL_WANT_WRITE => dualvar( \$y, 'SSL wants a write first' );
@EXPORT = qw(
SSL_WANT_READ SSL_WANT_WRITE SSL_VERIFY_NONE SSL_VERIFY_PEER
SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT SSL_VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE
SSL_OCSP_NO_STAPLE SSL_OCSP_TRY_STAPLE SSL_OCSP_MUST_STAPLE
SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN
$SSL_ERROR GEN_DNS GEN_IPADD
);
}
my @caller_force_inet4; # in case inet4 gets forced we store here who forced it
my $IOCLASS;
my $family_key; # 'Domain'||'Family'
BEGIN {
# declare @ISA depending of the installed socket class
# try to load inet_pton from Socket or Socket6 and make sure it is usable
local $SIG{__DIE__}; local $SIG{__WARN__}; # be silent
my $ip6 = eval {
require Socket;
Socket->VERSION(1.95);
Socket::inet_pton( AF_INET6(),'::1') && AF_INET6() or die;
Socket->import( qw/inet_pton NI_NUMERICHOST NI_NUMERICSERV/ );
# behavior different to Socket6::getnameinfo - wrap
*_getnameinfo = sub {
my ($err,$host,$port) = Socket::getnameinfo(@_) or return;
return if $err;
return ($host,$port);
};
'Socket';
} || eval {
require Socket6;
Socket6::inet_pton( AF_INET6(),'::1') && AF_INET6() or die;
Socket6->import( qw/inet_pton NI_NUMERICHOST NI_NUMERICSERV/ );
# behavior different to Socket::getnameinfo - wrap
*_getnameinfo = sub { return Socket6::getnameinfo(@_); };
'Socket6';
} || undef;
# try IO::Socket::IP or IO::Socket::INET6 for IPv6 support
$family_key = 'Domain'; # traditional
if ($ip6) {
# if we have IO::Socket::IP >= 0.31 we will use this in preference
# because it can handle both IPv4 and IPv6
if ( eval {
require IO::Socket::IP;
IO::Socket::IP->VERSION(0.31)
}) {
@ISA = qw(IO::Socket::IP);
constant->import( CAN_IPV6 => "IO::Socket::IP" );
$family_key = 'Family';
$IOCLASS = "IO::Socket::IP";
# if we have IO::Socket::INET6 we will use this not IO::Socket::INET
# because it can handle both IPv4 and IPv6
# require at least 2.62 because of several problems before that version
} elsif( eval { require IO::Socket::INET6; IO::Socket::INET6->VERSION(2.62) } ) {
@ISA = qw(IO::Socket::INET6);
constant->import( CAN_IPV6 => "IO::Socket::INET6" );
$IOCLASS = "IO::Socket::INET6";
} else {
$ip6 = ''
}
}
# fall back to IO::Socket::INET for IPv4 only
if (!$ip6) {
@ISA = qw(IO::Socket::INET);
$IOCLASS = "IO::Socket::INET";
constant->import(CAN_IPV6 => '');
if (!defined $ip6) {
constant->import(NI_NUMERICHOST => 1);
constant->import(NI_NUMERICSERV => 2);
}
}
#Make $DEBUG another name for $Net::SSLeay::trace
*DEBUG = \$Net::SSLeay::trace;
#Compatibility
*ERROR = \$SSL_ERROR;
}
sub DEBUG {
$DEBUG or return;
my (undef,$file,$line,$sub) = caller(1);
if ($sub =~m{^IO::Socket::SSL::(?:error|(_internal_error))$}) {
(undef,$file,$line) = caller(2) if $1;
} else {
(undef,$file,$line) = caller;
}
my $msg = shift;
$file = '...'.substr( $file,-17 ) if length($file)>20;
$msg = sprintf $msg,@_ if @_;
print STDERR "DEBUG: $file:$line: $msg\n";
}
BEGIN {
# import some constants from Net::SSLeay or use hard-coded defaults
# if Net::SSLeay isn't recent enough to provide the constants
my %const = (
NID_CommonName => 13,
GEN_DNS => 2,
GEN_IPADD => 7,
);
while ( my ($name,$value) = each %const ) {
no strict 'refs';
*{$name} = UNIVERSAL::can( 'Net::SSLeay', $name ) || sub { $value };
}
*idn_to_ascii = \&IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix::idn_to_ascii;
*idn_to_unicode = \&IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix::idn_to_unicode;
}
my $OPENSSL_LIST_SEPARATOR = $^O =~m{^(?:(dos|os2|mswin32|netware)|vms)$}i
? $1 ? ';' : ',' : ':';
my $CHECK_SSL_PATH = sub {
my %args = (@_ == 1) ? ('',@_) : @_;
for my $type (keys %args) {
my $path = $args{$type};
if (!$type) {
delete $args{$type};
$type = (ref($path) || -d $path) ? 'SSL_ca_path' : 'SSL_ca_file';
$args{$type} = $path;
}
next if ref($path) eq 'SCALAR' && ! $$path;
if ($type eq 'SSL_ca_file') {
die "SSL_ca_file $path can't be used: $!"
if ! open(my $fh,'<',$path);
} elsif ($type eq 'SSL_ca_path') {
$path = [ split($OPENSSL_LIST_SEPARATOR,$path) ] if !ref($path);
my @err;
for my $d (ref($path) ? @$path : $path) {
if (! -d $d) {
push @err, "SSL_ca_path $d does not exist";
} elsif (! opendir(my $dh,$d)) {
push @err, "SSL_ca_path $d is not accessible: $!"
} else {
@err = ();
last
}
}
die "@err" if @err;
}
}
return %args;
};
{
my %default_ca;
my $ca_detected; # 0: never detect, undef: need to (re)detect
my $openssldir;
sub default_ca {
if (@_) {
# user defined default CA or reset
if ( @_ > 1 ) {
%default_ca = @_;
$ca_detected = 0;
} elsif ( my $path = shift ) {
%default_ca = $CHECK_SSL_PATH->($path);
$ca_detected = 0;
} else {
$ca_detected = undef;
}
}
return %default_ca if defined $ca_detected;
# SSLEAY_DIR was 5 up to OpenSSL 1.1, then switched to 4 and got
# renamed to OPENSSL_DIR. Unfortunately it is not exported as constant
# by Net::SSLeay so we use the fixed number.
$openssldir ||=
Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_version(5) =~m{^OPENSSLDIR: "(.+)"$} ? $1 :
Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_version(4) =~m{^OPENSSLDIR: "(.+)"$} ? $1 :
'cannot-determine-openssldir-from-ssleay-version';
# (re)detect according to openssl crypto/cryptlib.h
my $dir = $ENV{SSL_CERT_DIR}
|| ( $^O =~m{vms}i ? "SSLCERTS:":"$openssldir/certs" );
if ( opendir(my $dh,$dir)) {
FILES: for my $f ( grep { m{^[a-f\d]{8}(\.\d+)?$} } readdir($dh) ) {
open( my $fh,'<',"$dir/$f") or next;
while (my $line = <$fh>) {
$line =~m{^-+BEGIN (X509 |TRUSTED |)CERTIFICATE-} or next;
$default_ca{SSL_ca_path} = $dir;
last FILES;
}
}
}
my $file = $ENV{SSL_CERT_FILE}
|| ( $^O =~m{vms}i ? "SSLCERTS:cert.pem":"$openssldir/cert.pem" );
if ( open(my $fh,'<',$file)) {
while (my $line = <$fh>) {
$line =~m{^-+BEGIN (X509 |TRUSTED |)CERTIFICATE-} or next;
$default_ca{SSL_ca_file} = $file;
last;
}
}
$default_ca{SSL_ca_file} = Mozilla::CA::SSL_ca_file() if ! %default_ca && do {
local $SIG{__DIE__};
eval { require Mozilla::CA; 1 };
};
$ca_detected = 1;
return %default_ca;
}
}
# Export some stuff
# inet4|inet6|debug will be handled by myself, everything
# else will be handled the Exporter way
sub import {
my $class = shift;
my @export;
foreach (@_) {
if ( /^inet4$/i ) {
# explicitly fall back to inet4
@ISA = 'IO::Socket::INET';
@caller_force_inet4 = caller(); # save for warnings for 'inet6' case
} elsif ( /^inet6$/i ) {
# check if we have already ipv6 as base
if ( ! UNIVERSAL::isa( $class, 'IO::Socket::INET6')
and ! UNIVERSAL::isa( $class, 'IO::Socket::IP' )) {
# either we don't support it or we disabled it by explicitly
# loading it with 'inet4'. In this case re-enable but warn
# because this is probably an error
if ( CAN_IPV6 ) {
@ISA = ( CAN_IPV6 );
warn "IPv6 support re-enabled in __PACKAGE__, got disabled in file $caller_force_inet4[1] line $caller_force_inet4[2]";
} else {
die "INET6 is not supported, install IO::Socket::IP";
}
}
} elsif ( /^:?debug(\d+)/ ) {
$DEBUG=$1;
} else {
push @export,$_
}
}
@_ = ( $class,@export );
goto &Exporter::import;
}
my %SSL_OBJECT;
my %CREATED_IN_THIS_THREAD;
sub CLONE { %CREATED_IN_THIS_THREAD = (); }
# all keys used internally, these should be cleaned up at end
my @all_my_keys = qw(
_SSL_arguments
_SSL_certificate
_SSL_ctx
_SSL_fileno
_SSL_in_DESTROY
_SSL_ioclass_downgrade
_SSL_ioclass_upgraded
_SSL_last_err
_SSL_object
_SSL_ocsp_verify
_SSL_opened
_SSL_opening
_SSL_servername
);
# we have callbacks associated with contexts, but have no way to access the
# current SSL object from these callbacks. To work around this
# CURRENT_SSL_OBJECT will be set before calling Net::SSLeay::{connect,accept}
# and reset afterwards, so we have access to it inside _internal_error.
my $CURRENT_SSL_OBJECT;
# You might be expecting to find a new() subroutine here, but that is
# not how IO::Socket::INET works. All configuration gets performed in
# the calls to configure() and either connect() or accept().
#Call to configure occurs when a new socket is made using
#IO::Socket::INET. Returns false (empty list) on failure.
sub configure {
my ($self, $arg_hash) = @_;
return _invalid_object() unless($self);
# force initial blocking
# otherwise IO::Socket::SSL->new might return undef if the
# socket is nonblocking and it fails to connect immediately
# for real nonblocking behavior one should create a nonblocking
# socket and later call connect explicitly
my $blocking = delete $arg_hash->{Blocking};
# because Net::HTTPS simple redefines blocking() to {} (e.g.
# return undef) and IO::Socket::INET does not like this we
# set Blocking only explicitly if it was set
$arg_hash->{Blocking} = 1 if defined ($blocking);
$self->configure_SSL($arg_hash) || return;
if ($arg_hash->{$family_key} ||= $arg_hash->{Domain} || $arg_hash->{Family}) {
# Hack to work around the problem that IO::Socket::IP defaults to
# AI_ADDRCONFIG which creates problems if we have only the loopback
# interface. If we already know the family this flag is more harmful
# then useful.
$arg_hash->{GetAddrInfoFlags} = 0 if $IOCLASS eq 'IO::Socket::IP'
&& ! defined $arg_hash->{GetAddrInfoFlags};
}
return $self->_internal_error("@ISA configuration failed",0)
if ! $self->SUPER::configure($arg_hash);
$self->blocking(0) if defined $blocking && !$blocking;
return $self;
}
sub configure_SSL {
my ($self, $arg_hash) = @_;
$arg_hash->{Proto} ||= 'tcp';
my $is_server = $arg_hash->{SSL_server};
if ( ! defined $is_server ) {
$is_server = $arg_hash->{SSL_server} = $arg_hash->{Listen} || 0;
}
# add user defined defaults, maybe after filtering
$FILTER_SSL_ARGS->($is_server,$arg_hash) if $FILTER_SSL_ARGS;
delete @{*$self}{@all_my_keys};
${*$self}{_SSL_opened} = $is_server;
${*$self}{_SSL_arguments} = $arg_hash;
# this adds defaults to $arg_hash as a side effect!
${*$self}{'_SSL_ctx'} = IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_Context->new($arg_hash)
or return;
return $self;
}
sub _skip_rw_error {
my ($self,$ssl,$rv) = @_;
my $err = Net::SSLeay::get_error($ssl,$rv);
if ( $err == $Net_SSLeay_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
$SSL_ERROR = SSL_WANT_READ;
} elsif ( $err == $Net_SSLeay_ERROR_WANT_WRITE) {
$SSL_ERROR = SSL_WANT_WRITE;
} else {
return $err;
}
$! ||= EWOULDBLOCK;
${*$self}{_SSL_last_err} = [$SSL_ERROR,4] if ref($self);
Net::SSLeay::ERR_clear_error();
return 0;
}
# Call to connect occurs when a new client socket is made using IO::Socket::*
sub connect {
my $self = shift || return _invalid_object();
return $self if ${*$self}{'_SSL_opened'}; # already connected
if ( ! ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'} ) {
# call SUPER::connect if the underlying socket is not connected
# if this fails this might not be an error (e.g. if $! = EINPROGRESS
# and socket is nonblocking this is normal), so keep any error
# handling to the client
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG('socket not yet connected' );
$self->SUPER::connect(@_) || return;
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG('socket connected' );
# IO::Socket works around systems, which return EISCONN or similar
# on non-blocking re-connect by returning true, even if $! is set
# but it does not clear $!, so do it here
$! = undef;
# don't continue with connect_SSL if SSL_startHandshake is set to 0
my $sh = ${*$self}{_SSL_arguments}{SSL_startHandshake};
return $self if defined $sh && ! $sh;
}
return $self->connect_SSL;
}
sub connect_SSL {
my $self = shift;
my $args = @_>1 ? {@_}: $_[0]||{};
return $self if ${*$self}{'_SSL_opened'}; # already connected
my ($ssl,$ctx);
if ( ! ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'} ) {
# start ssl connection
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG('ssl handshake not started' );
${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'} = 1;
my $arg_hash = ${*$self}{'_SSL_arguments'};
my $fileno = ${*$self}{'_SSL_fileno'} = fileno($self);
return $self->_internal_error("Socket has no fileno",9)
if ! defined $fileno;
$ctx = ${*$self}{'_SSL_ctx'}; # Reference to real context
$ssl = ${*$self}{'_SSL_object'} = Net::SSLeay::new($ctx->{context})
|| return $self->error("SSL structure creation failed");
$CREATED_IN_THIS_THREAD{$ssl} = 1 if $use_threads;
$SSL_OBJECT{$ssl} = [$self,0];
weaken($SSL_OBJECT{$ssl}[0]);
if ($ctx->{session_cache}) {
$arg_hash->{SSL_session_key} ||= do {
my $host = $arg_hash->{PeerAddr} || $arg_hash->{PeerHost}
|| $self->_update_peer;
my $port = $arg_hash->{PeerPort} || $arg_hash->{PeerService};
$port ? "$host:$port" : $host;
}
}
Net::SSLeay::set_fd($ssl, $fileno)
|| return $self->error("SSL filehandle association failed");
if ( $can_client_sni ) {
my $host;
if ( exists $arg_hash->{SSL_hostname} ) {
# explicitly given
# can be set to undef/'' to not use extension
$host = $arg_hash->{SSL_hostname}
} elsif ( $host = $arg_hash->{PeerAddr} || $arg_hash->{PeerHost} ) {
# implicitly given
$host =~s{:[a-zA-Z0-9_\-]+$}{};
# should be hostname, not IPv4/6
$host = undef if $host !~m{[a-z_]}i or $host =~m{:};
}
# define SSL_CTRL_SET_TLSEXT_HOSTNAME 55
# define TLSEXT_NAMETYPE_host_name 0
if ($host) {
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG("using SNI with hostname $host");
Net::SSLeay::ctrl($ssl,55,0,$host);
} else {
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG("not using SNI because hostname is unknown");
}
} elsif ( $arg_hash->{SSL_hostname} ) {
return $self->_internal_error(
"Client side SNI not supported for this openssl",9);
} else {
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG("not using SNI because openssl is too old");
}
$arg_hash->{PeerAddr} || $arg_hash->{PeerHost} || $self->_update_peer;
if ( $ctx->{verify_name_ref} ) {
# need target name for update
my $host = $arg_hash->{SSL_verifycn_name}
|| $arg_hash->{SSL_hostname};
if ( ! defined $host ) {
if ( $host = $arg_hash->{PeerAddr} || $arg_hash->{PeerHost} ) {
$host =~s{:[a-zA-Z0-9_\-]+$}{};
}
}
${$ctx->{verify_name_ref}} = $host;
}
my $ocsp = $ctx->{ocsp_mode};
if ( $ocsp & SSL_OCSP_NO_STAPLE ) {
# don't try stapling
} elsif ( ! $can_ocsp_staple ) {
croak("OCSP stapling not support") if $ocsp & SSL_OCSP_MUST_STAPLE;
} elsif ( $ocsp & (SSL_OCSP_TRY_STAPLE|SSL_OCSP_MUST_STAPLE)) {
# staple by default if verification enabled
${*$self}{_SSL_ocsp_verify} = undef;
Net::SSLeay::set_tlsext_status_type($ssl,
Net::SSLeay::TLSEXT_STATUSTYPE_ocsp());
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG("request OCSP stapling");
}
if ($ctx->{session_cache} and my $session =
$ctx->{session_cache}->get_session($arg_hash->{SSL_session_key})
) {
Net::SSLeay::set_session($ssl, $session);
}
}
$ssl ||= ${*$self}{'_SSL_object'};
$SSL_ERROR = $! = undef;
my $timeout = exists $args->{Timeout}
? $args->{Timeout}
: ${*$self}{io_socket_timeout}; # from IO::Socket
if ( defined($timeout) && $timeout>0 && $self->blocking(0) ) {
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG( "set socket to non-blocking to enforce timeout=$timeout" );
# timeout was given and socket was blocking
# enforce timeout with now non-blocking socket
} else {
# timeout does not apply because invalid or socket non-blocking
$timeout = undef;
}
my $start = defined($timeout) && time();
{
$SSL_ERROR = undef;
$CURRENT_SSL_OBJECT = $self;
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("call Net::SSLeay::connect" );
my $rv = Net::SSLeay::connect($ssl);
$CURRENT_SSL_OBJECT = undef;
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("done Net::SSLeay::connect -> $rv" );
if ( $rv < 0 ) {
if ( my $err = $self->_skip_rw_error( $ssl,$rv )) {
$self->error("SSL connect attempt failed");
delete ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'};
${*$self}{'_SSL_opened'} = -1;
$DEBUG>=1 && DEBUG( "fatal SSL error: $SSL_ERROR" );
return $self->fatal_ssl_error();
}
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG('ssl handshake in progress' );
# connect failed because handshake needs to be completed
# if socket was non-blocking or no timeout was given return with this error
return if ! defined($timeout);
# wait until socket is readable or writable
my $rv;
if ( $timeout>0 ) {
my $vec = '';
vec($vec,$self->fileno,1) = 1;
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG( "waiting for fd to become ready: $SSL_ERROR" );
$rv =
$SSL_ERROR == SSL_WANT_READ ? select( $vec,undef,undef,$timeout) :
$SSL_ERROR == SSL_WANT_WRITE ? select( undef,$vec,undef,$timeout) :
undef;
} else {
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG("handshake failed because no more time" );
$! = ETIMEDOUT
}
if ( ! $rv ) {
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG("handshake failed because socket did not became ready" );
# failed because of timeout, return
$! ||= ETIMEDOUT;
delete ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'};
${*$self}{'_SSL_opened'} = -1;
$self->blocking(1); # was blocking before
return
}
# socket is ready, try non-blocking connect again after recomputing timeout
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG("socket ready, retrying connect" );
my $now = time();
$timeout -= $now - $start;
$start = $now;
redo;
} elsif ( $rv == 0 ) {
delete ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'};
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG("connection failed - connect returned 0" );
$self->error("SSL connect attempt failed because of handshake problems" );
${*$self}{'_SSL_opened'} = -1;
return $self->fatal_ssl_error();
}
}
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG('ssl handshake done' );
# ssl connect successful
delete ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'};
${*$self}{'_SSL_opened'}=1;
if (defined($timeout)) {
$self->blocking(1); # reset back to blocking
$! = undef; # reset errors from non-blocking
}
$ctx ||= ${*$self}{'_SSL_ctx'};
if ( my $ocsp_result = ${*$self}{_SSL_ocsp_verify} ) {
# got result from OCSP stapling
if ( $ocsp_result->[0] > 0 ) {
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("got OCSP success with stapling");
# successful validated
} elsif ( $ocsp_result->[0] < 0 ) {
# Permanent problem with validation because certificate
# is either self-signed or the issuer cannot be found.
# Ignore here, because this will cause other errors too.
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("got OCSP failure with stapling: %s",
$ocsp_result->[1]);
} else {
# definitely revoked
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("got OCSP revocation with stapling: %s",
$ocsp_result->[1]);
$self->_internal_error($ocsp_result->[1],5);
return $self->fatal_ssl_error();
}
} elsif ( $ctx->{ocsp_mode} & SSL_OCSP_MUST_STAPLE ) {
$self->_internal_error("did not receive the required stapled OCSP response",5);
return $self->fatal_ssl_error();
}
if (!%sess_cb and $ctx->{session_cache}
and my $session = Net::SSLeay::get1_session($ssl)) {
$ctx->{session_cache}->add_session(
${*$self}{_SSL_arguments}{SSL_session_key},
$session
);
}
tie *{$self}, "IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_HANDLE", $self;
return $self;
}
# called if PeerAddr is not set in ${*$self}{'_SSL_arguments'}
# this can be the case if start_SSL is called with a normal IO::Socket::INET
# so that PeerAddr|PeerPort are not set from args
# returns PeerAddr
sub _update_peer {
my $self = shift;
my $arg_hash = ${*$self}{'_SSL_arguments'};
eval {
my $sockaddr = getpeername( $self );
my $af = sockaddr_family($sockaddr);
if( CAN_IPV6 && $af == AF_INET6 ) {
my (undef, $host, $port) = _getnameinfo($sockaddr,
NI_NUMERICHOST | NI_NUMERICSERV);
$arg_hash->{PeerPort} = $port;
$arg_hash->{PeerAddr} = $host;
} else {
my ($port,$addr) = sockaddr_in( $sockaddr);
$arg_hash->{PeerPort} = $port;
$arg_hash->{PeerAddr} = inet_ntoa( $addr );
}
}
}
#Call to accept occurs when a new client connects to a server using
#IO::Socket::SSL
sub accept {
my $self = shift || return _invalid_object();
my $class = shift || 'IO::Socket::SSL';
my $socket = ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'};
if ( ! $socket ) {
# underlying socket not done
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG('no socket yet' );
$socket = $self->SUPER::accept($class) || return;
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG('accept created normal socket '.$socket );
# don't continue with accept_SSL if SSL_startHandshake is set to 0
my $sh = ${*$self}{_SSL_arguments}{SSL_startHandshake};
if (defined $sh && ! $sh) {
${*$socket}{_SSL_ctx} = ${*$self}{_SSL_ctx};
${*$socket}{_SSL_arguments} = {
%{${*$self}{_SSL_arguments}},
SSL_server => 0,
};
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG('will not start SSL handshake yet');
return wantarray ? ($socket, getpeername($socket) ) : $socket
}
}
$self->accept_SSL($socket) || return;
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG('accept_SSL ok' );
return wantarray ? ($socket, getpeername($socket) ) : $socket;
}
sub accept_SSL {
my $self = shift;
my $socket = ( @_ && UNIVERSAL::isa( $_[0], 'IO::Handle' )) ? shift : $self;
my $args = @_>1 ? {@_}: $_[0]||{};
my $ssl;
if ( ! ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'} ) {
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG('starting sslifying' );
${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'} = $socket;
if ($socket != $self) {
${*$socket}{_SSL_ctx} = ${*$self}{_SSL_ctx};
${*$socket}{_SSL_arguments} = {
%{${*$self}{_SSL_arguments}},
SSL_server => 0
};
}
my $fileno = ${*$socket}{'_SSL_fileno'} = fileno($socket);
return $socket->_internal_error("Socket has no fileno",9)
if ! defined $fileno;
$ssl = ${*$socket}{_SSL_object} =
Net::SSLeay::new(${*$socket}{_SSL_ctx}{context})
|| return $socket->error("SSL structure creation failed");
$CREATED_IN_THIS_THREAD{$ssl} = 1 if $use_threads;
$SSL_OBJECT{$ssl} = [$socket,1];
weaken($SSL_OBJECT{$ssl}[0]);
Net::SSLeay::set_fd($ssl, $fileno)
|| return $socket->error("SSL filehandle association failed");
}
$ssl ||= ${*$socket}{'_SSL_object'};
$SSL_ERROR = $! = undef;
#$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG('calling ssleay::accept' );
my $timeout = exists $args->{Timeout}
? $args->{Timeout}
: ${*$self}{io_socket_timeout}; # from IO::Socket
if ( defined($timeout) && $timeout>0 && $socket->blocking(0) ) {
# timeout was given and socket was blocking
# enforce timeout with now non-blocking socket
} else {
# timeout does not apply because invalid or socket non-blocking
$timeout = undef;
}
my $start = defined($timeout) && time();
{
$SSL_ERROR = undef;
$CURRENT_SSL_OBJECT = $self;
my $rv = Net::SSLeay::accept($ssl);
$CURRENT_SSL_OBJECT = undef;
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG( "Net::SSLeay::accept -> $rv" );
if ( $rv < 0 ) {
if ( my $err = $socket->_skip_rw_error( $ssl,$rv )) {
$socket->error("SSL accept attempt failed");
delete ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'};
${*$socket}{'_SSL_opened'} = -1;
return $socket->fatal_ssl_error();
}
# accept failed because handshake needs to be completed
# if socket was non-blocking or no timeout was given return with this error
return if ! defined($timeout);
# wait until socket is readable or writable
my $rv;
if ( $timeout>0 ) {
my $vec = '';
vec($vec,$socket->fileno,1) = 1;
$rv =
$SSL_ERROR == SSL_WANT_READ ? select( $vec,undef,undef,$timeout) :
$SSL_ERROR == SSL_WANT_WRITE ? select( undef,$vec,undef,$timeout) :
undef;
} else {
$! = ETIMEDOUT
}
if ( ! $rv ) {
# failed because of timeout, return
$! ||= ETIMEDOUT;
delete ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'};
${*$socket}{'_SSL_opened'} = -1;
$socket->blocking(1); # was blocking before
return
}
# socket is ready, try non-blocking accept again after recomputing timeout
my $now = time();
$timeout -= $now - $start;
$start = $now;
redo;
} elsif ( $rv == 0 ) {
$socket->error("SSL accept attempt failed because of handshake problems" );
delete ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'};
${*$socket}{'_SSL_opened'} = -1;
return $socket->fatal_ssl_error();
}
}
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG('handshake done, socket ready' );
# socket opened
delete ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'};
${*$socket}{'_SSL_opened'} = 1;
if (defined($timeout)) {
$socket->blocking(1); # reset back to blocking
$! = undef; # reset errors from non-blocking
}
tie *{$socket}, "IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_HANDLE", $socket;
return $socket;
}
####### I/O subroutines ########################
sub _generic_read {
my ($self, $read_func, undef, $length, $offset) = @_;
my $ssl = ${*$self}{_SSL_object} || return;
my $buffer=\$_[2];
$SSL_ERROR = $! = undef;
my ($data,$rwerr) = $read_func->($ssl, $length);
while ( ! defined($data)) {
if ( my $err = $self->_skip_rw_error( $ssl, defined($rwerr) ? $rwerr:-1 )) {
if ($err == $Net_SSLeay_ERROR_SYSCALL) {
# OpenSSL 1.1.0c+ : EOF can now result in SSL_read returning -1
if (not $!) {
# SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL but not errno -> treat as EOF
$data = '';
last;
}
}
$self->error("SSL read error");
}
return;
}
$length = length($data);
$$buffer = '' if !defined $$buffer;
$offset ||= 0;
if ($offset>length($$buffer)) {
$$buffer.="\0" x ($offset-length($$buffer)); #mimic behavior of read
}
substr($$buffer, $offset, length($$buffer), $data);
return $length;
}
sub read {
my $self = shift;
${*$self}{_SSL_object} && return _generic_read($self,
$self->blocking ? \&Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_all : \&Net::SSLeay::read,
@_
);
# fall back to plain read if we are not required to use SSL yet
return $self->SUPER::read(@_);
}
# contrary to the behavior of read sysread can read partial data
sub sysread {
my $self = shift;
${*$self}{_SSL_object} && return _generic_read( $self,
\&Net::SSLeay::read, @_ );
# fall back to plain sysread if we are not required to use SSL yet
my $rv = $self->SUPER::sysread(@_);
return $rv;
}
sub peek {
my $self = shift;
${*$self}{_SSL_object} && return _generic_read( $self,
\&Net::SSLeay::peek, @_ );
# fall back to plain peek if we are not required to use SSL yet
# emulate peek with recv(...,MS_PEEK) - peek(buf,len,offset)
return if ! defined recv($self,my $buf,$_[1],MSG_PEEK);
$_[0] = $_[2] ? substr($_[0],0,$_[2]).$buf : $buf;
return length($buf);
}
sub _generic_write {
my ($self, $write_all, undef, $length, $offset) = @_;
my $ssl = ${*$self}{_SSL_object} || return;
my $buffer = \$_[2];
my $buf_len = length($$buffer);
$length ||= $buf_len;
$offset ||= 0;
return $self->_internal_error("Invalid offset for SSL write",9)
if $offset>$buf_len;
return 0 if ($offset == $buf_len);
$SSL_ERROR = $! = undef;
my $written;
if ( $write_all ) {
my $data = $length < $buf_len-$offset ? substr($$buffer, $offset, $length) : $$buffer;
($written, my $errs) = Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_all($ssl, $data);
# ssl_write_all returns number of bytes written
$written = undef if ! $written && $errs;
} else {
$written = Net::SSLeay::write_partial( $ssl,$offset,$length,$$buffer );
# write_partial does SSL_write which returns -1 on error
$written = undef if $written < 0;
}
if ( !defined($written) ) {
if ( my $err = $self->_skip_rw_error( $ssl,-1 )) {
# if $! is not set with ERROR_SYSCALL then report as EPIPE
$! ||= EPIPE if $err == $Net_SSLeay_ERROR_SYSCALL;
$self->error("SSL write error ($err)");
}
return;
}
return $written;
}
# if socket is blocking write() should return only on error or
# if all data are written
sub write {
my $self = shift;
${*$self}{_SSL_object} && return _generic_write( $self,
scalar($self->blocking),@_ );
# fall back to plain write if we are not required to use SSL yet
return $self->SUPER::write(@_);
}
# contrary to write syswrite() returns already if only
# a part of the data is written
sub syswrite {
my $self = shift;
${*$self}{_SSL_object} && return _generic_write($self,0,@_);
# fall back to plain syswrite if we are not required to use SSL yet
return $self->SUPER::syswrite(@_);
}
sub print {
my $self = shift;
my $string = join(($, or ''), @_, ($\ or ''));
return $self->write( $string );
}
sub printf {
my ($self,$format) = (shift,shift);
return $self->write(sprintf($format, @_));
}
sub getc {
my ($self, $buffer) = (shift, undef);
return $buffer if $self->read($buffer, 1, 0);
}
sub readline {
my $self = shift;
${*$self}{_SSL_object} or return $self->SUPER::getline;
if ( not defined $/ or wantarray) {
# read all and split
my $buf = '';
while (1) {
my $rv = $self->sysread($buf,2**16,length($buf));
if ( ! defined $rv ) {
next if $! == EINTR; # retry
last if $! == EWOULDBLOCK || $! == EAGAIN; # use everything so far
return; # return error
} elsif ( ! $rv ) {
last
}
}
if ( ! defined $/ ) {
return $buf
} elsif ( ref($/)) {
my $size = ${$/};
die "bad value in ref \$/: $size" unless $size>0;
return $buf=~m{\G(.{1,$size})}g;
} elsif ( $/ eq '' ) {
return $buf =~m{\G(.*\n\n+|.+)}g;
} else {
return $buf =~m{\G(.*$/|.+)}g;
}
}
# read only one line
if ( ref($/) ) {
my $size = ${$/};
# read record of $size bytes
die "bad value in ref \$/: $size" unless $size>0;
my $buf = '';
while ( $size>length($buf)) {
my $rv = $self->sysread($buf,$size-length($buf),length($buf));
if ( ! defined $rv ) {
next if $! == EINTR; # retry
last if $! == EWOULDBLOCK || $! == EAGAIN; # use everything so far
return; # return error
} elsif ( ! $rv ) {
last
}
}
return $buf;
}
my ($delim0,$delim1) = $/ eq '' ? ("\n\n","\n"):($/,'');
# find first occurrence of $delim0 followed by as much as possible $delim1
my $buf = '';
my $eod = 0; # pointer into $buf after $delim0 $delim1*
my $ssl = $self->_get_ssl_object or return;
while (1) {
# wait until we have more data or eof
my $poke = Net::SSLeay::peek($ssl,1);
if ( ! defined $poke or $poke eq '' ) {
next if $! == EINTR;
}
my $skip = 0;
# peek into available data w/o reading
my $pending = Net::SSLeay::pending($ssl);
if ( $pending and
( my $pb = Net::SSLeay::peek( $ssl,$pending )) ne '' ) {
$buf .= $pb
} else {
return $buf eq '' ? ():$buf;
}
if ( !$eod ) {
my $pos = index( $buf,$delim0 );
if ( $pos<0 ) {
$skip = $pending
} else {
$eod = $pos + length($delim0); # pos after delim0
}
}
if ( $eod ) {
if ( $delim1 ne '' ) {
# delim0 found, check for as much delim1 as possible
while ( index( $buf,$delim1,$eod ) == $eod ) {
$eod+= length($delim1);
}
}
$skip = $pending - ( length($buf) - $eod );
}
# remove data from $self which I already have in buf
while ( $skip>0 ) {
if ($self->sysread(my $p,$skip,0)) {
$skip -= length($p);
next;
}
$! == EINTR or last;
}
if ( $eod and ( $delim1 eq '' or $eod < length($buf))) {
# delim0 found and there can be no more delim1 pending
last
}
}
return substr($buf,0,$eod);
}
sub close {
my $self = shift || return _invalid_object();
my $close_args = (ref($_[0]) eq 'HASH') ? $_[0] : {@_};
return if ! $self->stop_SSL(
SSL_fast_shutdown => 1,
%$close_args,
_SSL_ioclass_downgrade => 0,
);
if ( ! $close_args->{_SSL_in_DESTROY} ) {
untie( *$self );
undef ${*$self}{_SSL_fileno};
return $self->SUPER::close;
}
return 1;
}
sub is_SSL {
my $self = pop;
return ${*$self}{_SSL_object} && 1
}
sub stop_SSL {
my $self = shift || return _invalid_object();
my $stop_args = (ref($_[0]) eq 'HASH') ? $_[0] : {@_};
$stop_args->{SSL_no_shutdown} = 1 if ! ${*$self}{_SSL_opened};
if (my $ssl = ${*$self}{'_SSL_object'}) {
if ( ! $stop_args->{SSL_no_shutdown} ) {
my $status = Net::SSLeay::get_shutdown($ssl);
my $timeout =
not($self->blocking) ? undef :
exists $stop_args->{Timeout} ? $stop_args->{Timeout} :
${*$self}{io_socket_timeout}; # from IO::Socket
if ($timeout) {
$self->blocking(0);
$timeout += time();
}
while (1) {
if ( $status & SSL_SENT_SHUTDOWN and
# don't care for received if fast shutdown
$status & SSL_RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN
|| $stop_args->{SSL_fast_shutdown}) {
# shutdown complete
last;
}
if ((${*$self}{'_SSL_opened'}||0) <= 0) {
# not really open, thus don't expect shutdown to return
# something meaningful
last;
}
# initiate or complete shutdown
local $SIG{PIPE} = 'IGNORE';
my $rv = Net::SSLeay::shutdown($ssl);
if ( $rv < 0 ) {
# non-blocking socket?
if ( ! $timeout ) {
$self->_skip_rw_error( $ssl,$rv );
# need to try again
return;
}
# don't use _skip_rw_error so that existing error does
# not get cleared
my $wait = $timeout - time();
last if $wait<=0;
vec(my $vec = '',fileno($self),1) = 1;
my $err = Net::SSLeay::get_error($ssl,$rv);
if ( $err == $Net_SSLeay_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
select($vec,undef,undef,$wait)
} elsif ( $err == $Net_SSLeay_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
select(undef,$vec,undef,$wait)
} else {
last;
}
}
$status |= SSL_SENT_SHUTDOWN;
$status |= SSL_RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN if $rv>0;
}
$self->blocking(1) if $timeout;
}
# destroy allocated objects for SSL and untie
# do not destroy CTX unless explicitly specified
Net::SSLeay::free($ssl);
if (my $cert = delete ${*$self}{'_SSL_certificate'}) {
Net::SSLeay::X509_free($cert);
}
delete ${*$self}{_SSL_object};
${*$self}{'_SSL_opened'} = 0;
delete $SSL_OBJECT{$ssl};
delete $CREATED_IN_THIS_THREAD{$ssl};
untie(*$self);
}
if ($stop_args->{'SSL_ctx_free'}) {
my $ctx = delete ${*$self}{'_SSL_ctx'};
$ctx && $ctx->DESTROY();
}
if ( ! $stop_args->{_SSL_in_DESTROY} ) {
my $downgrade = $stop_args->{_SSL_ioclass_downgrade};
if ( $downgrade || ! defined $downgrade ) {
# rebless to original class from start_SSL
if ( my $orig_class = delete ${*$self}{'_SSL_ioclass_upgraded'} ) {
bless $self,$orig_class;
# FIXME: if original class was tied too we need to restore the tie
# remove all _SSL related from *$self
my @sslkeys = grep { m{^_?SSL_} } keys %{*$self};
delete @{*$self}{@sslkeys} if @sslkeys;
}
}
}
return 1;
}
sub fileno {
my $self = shift;
my $fn = ${*$self}{'_SSL_fileno'};
return defined($fn) ? $fn : $self->SUPER::fileno();
}
####### IO::Socket::SSL specific functions #######
# _get_ssl_object is for internal use ONLY!
sub _get_ssl_object {
my $self = shift;
return ${*$self}{'_SSL_object'} ||
IO::Socket::SSL->_internal_error("Undefined SSL object",9);
}
# _get_ctx_object is for internal use ONLY!
sub _get_ctx_object {
my $self = shift;
my $ctx_object = ${*$self}{_SSL_ctx};
return $ctx_object && $ctx_object->{context};
}
# default error for undefined arguments
sub _invalid_object {
return IO::Socket::SSL->_internal_error("Undefined IO::Socket::SSL object",9);
}
sub pending {
my $ssl = shift()->_get_ssl_object || return;
return Net::SSLeay::pending($ssl);
}
sub start_SSL {
my ($class,$socket) = (shift,shift);
return $class->_internal_error("Not a socket",9) if ! ref($socket);
my $arg_hash = @_ == 1 ? $_[0] : {@_};
my %to = exists $arg_hash->{Timeout} ? ( Timeout => delete $arg_hash->{Timeout} ) :();
my $original_class = ref($socket);
if ( ! $original_class ) {
$socket = ($original_class = $ISA[0])->new_from_fd($socket,'<+')
or return $class->_internal_error(
"creating $original_class from file handle failed",9);
}
my $original_fileno = (UNIVERSAL::can($socket, "fileno"))
? $socket->fileno : CORE::fileno($socket);
return $class->_internal_error("Socket has no fileno",9)
if ! defined $original_fileno;
bless $socket, $class;
$socket->configure_SSL($arg_hash) or bless($socket, $original_class) && return;
${*$socket}{'_SSL_fileno'} = $original_fileno;
${*$socket}{'_SSL_ioclass_upgraded'} = $original_class
if $class ne $original_class;
my $start_handshake = $arg_hash->{SSL_startHandshake};
if ( ! defined($start_handshake) || $start_handshake ) {
# if we have no callback force blocking mode
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG( "start handshake" );
my $was_blocking = $socket->blocking(1);
my $result = ${*$socket}{'_SSL_arguments'}{SSL_server}
? $socket->accept_SSL(%to)
: $socket->connect_SSL(%to);
if ( $result ) {
$socket->blocking(0) if ! $was_blocking;
return $socket;
} else {
# upgrade to SSL failed, downgrade socket to original class
if ( $original_class ) {
bless($socket,$original_class);
$socket->blocking(0) if ! $was_blocking
&& $socket->can('blocking');
}
return;
}
} else {
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG( "don't start handshake: $socket" );
return $socket; # just return upgraded socket
}
}
sub new_from_fd {
my ($class, $fd) = (shift,shift);
# Check for accidental inclusion of MODE in the argument list
if (length($_[0]) < 4) {
(my $mode = $_[0]) =~ tr/+<>//d;
shift unless length($mode);
}
my $handle = $ISA[0]->new_from_fd($fd, '+<')
|| return($class->error("Could not create socket from file descriptor."));
# Annoying workaround for Perl 5.6.1 and below:
$handle = $ISA[0]->new_from_fd($handle, '+<');
return $class->start_SSL($handle, @_);
}
sub dump_peer_certificate {
my $ssl = shift()->_get_ssl_object || return;
return Net::SSLeay::dump_peer_certificate($ssl);
}
if ( defined &Net::SSLeay::get_peer_cert_chain
&& $netssleay_version >= 1.58 ) {
*peer_certificates = sub {
my $self = shift;
my $ssl = $self->_get_ssl_object || return;
my @chain = Net::SSLeay::get_peer_cert_chain($ssl);
@chain = () if @chain && !$self->peer_certificate; # work around #96013
if ( ${*$self}{_SSL_arguments}{SSL_server} ) {
# in the client case the chain contains the peer certificate,
# in the server case not
# this one has an increased reference counter, the other not
if ( my $peer = Net::SSLeay::get_peer_certificate($ssl)) {
Net::SSLeay::X509_free($peer);
unshift @chain, $peer;
}
}
return @chain;
}
} else {
*peer_certificates = sub {
die "peer_certificates needs Net::SSLeay>=1.58";
}
}
{
my %dispatcher = (
issuer => sub { Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_oneline( Net::SSLeay::X509_get_issuer_name( shift )) },
subject => sub { Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_oneline( Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name( shift )) },
commonName => sub {
my $cn = Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_get_text_by_NID(
Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name( shift ), NID_CommonName);
$cn;
},
subjectAltNames => sub { Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subjectAltNames( shift ) },
);
# alternative names
$dispatcher{authority} = $dispatcher{issuer};
$dispatcher{owner} = $dispatcher{subject};
$dispatcher{cn} = $dispatcher{commonName};
sub peer_certificate {
my ($self,$field,$reload) = @_;
my $ssl = $self->_get_ssl_object or return;
Net::SSLeay::X509_free(delete ${*$self}{_SSL_certificate})
if $reload && ${*$self}{_SSL_certificate};
my $cert = ${*$self}{_SSL_certificate}
||= Net::SSLeay::get_peer_certificate($ssl)
or return $self->error("Could not retrieve peer certificate");
if ($field) {
my $sub = $dispatcher{$field} or croak
"invalid argument for peer_certificate, valid are: ".join( " ",keys %dispatcher ).
"\nMaybe you need to upgrade your Net::SSLeay";
return $sub->($cert);
} else {
return $cert
}
}
sub sock_certificate {
my ($self,$field) = @_;
my $ssl = $self->_get_ssl_object || return;
my $cert = Net::SSLeay::get_certificate( $ssl ) || return;
if ($field) {
my $sub = $dispatcher{$field} or croak
"invalid argument for sock_certificate, valid are: ".join( " ",keys %dispatcher ).
"\nMaybe you need to upgrade your Net::SSLeay";
return $sub->($cert);
} else {
return $cert
}
}
# known schemes, possible attributes are:
# - wildcards_in_alt (0, 'full_label', 'anywhere')
# - wildcards_in_cn (0, 'full_label', 'anywhere')
# - check_cn (0, 'always', 'when_only')
# unfortunately there are a lot of different schemes used, see RFC 6125 for a
# summary, which references all of the following except RFC4217/ftp
my %scheme = (
none => {}, # do not check
# default set is a superset of all the others and thus worse than a more
# specific set, but much better than not verifying name at all
default => {
wildcards_in_cn => 'anywhere',
wildcards_in_alt => 'anywhere',
check_cn => 'always',
ip_in_cn => 1,
},
);
for(qw(
rfc2818
rfc3920 xmpp
rfc4217 ftp
)) {
$scheme{$_} = {
wildcards_in_cn => 'anywhere',
wildcards_in_alt => 'anywhere',
check_cn => 'when_only',
}
}
for(qw(www http)) {
$scheme{$_} = {
wildcards_in_cn => 'anywhere',
wildcards_in_alt => 'anywhere',
check_cn => 'when_only',
ip_in_cn => 4,
}
}
for(qw(
rfc4513 ldap
)) {
$scheme{$_} = {
wildcards_in_cn => 0,
wildcards_in_alt => 'full_label',
check_cn => 'always',
};
}
for(qw(
rfc2595 smtp
rfc4642 imap pop3 acap
rfc5539 nntp
rfc5538 netconf
rfc5425 syslog
rfc5953 snmp
)) {
$scheme{$_} = {
wildcards_in_cn => 'full_label',
wildcards_in_alt => 'full_label',
check_cn => 'always'
};
}
for(qw(
rfc5971 gist
)) {
$scheme{$_} = {
wildcards_in_cn => 'full_label',
wildcards_in_alt => 'full_label',
check_cn => 'when_only',
};
}
for(qw(
rfc5922 sip
)) {
$scheme{$_} = {
wildcards_in_cn => 0,
wildcards_in_alt => 0,
check_cn => 'always',
};
}
# function to verify the hostname
#
# as every application protocol has its own rules to do this
# we provide some default rules as well as a user-defined
# callback
sub verify_hostname_of_cert {
my $identity = shift;
my $cert = shift;
my $scheme = shift || 'default';
my $publicsuffix = shift;
if ( ! ref($scheme) ) {
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG( "scheme=$scheme cert=$cert" );
$scheme = $scheme{$scheme} || croak("scheme $scheme not defined");
}
return 1 if ! %$scheme; # 'none'
$identity =~s{\.+$}{}; # ignore absolutism
# get data from certificate
my $commonName = $dispatcher{cn}->($cert);
my @altNames = $dispatcher{subjectAltNames}->($cert);
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("identity=$identity cn=$commonName alt=@altNames" );
if ( my $sub = $scheme->{callback} ) {
# use custom callback
return $sub->($identity,$commonName,@altNames);
}
# is the given hostname an IP address? Then we have to convert to network byte order [RFC791][RFC2460]
my $ipn;
if ( CAN_IPV6 and $identity =~m{:} ) {
# no IPv4 or hostname have ':' in it, try IPv6.
$identity =~m{[^\da-fA-F:\.]} and return; # invalid characters in name
$ipn = inet_pton(AF_INET6,$identity) or return; # invalid name
} elsif ( my @ip = $identity =~m{^(\d+)(?:\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)|[\d\.]*)$} ) {
# check for invalid IP/hostname
return if 4 != @ip or 4 != grep { defined($_) && $_<256 } @ip;
$ipn = pack("CCCC",@ip);
} else {
# assume hostname, check for umlauts etc
if ( $identity =~m{[^a-zA-Z0-9_.\-]} ) {
$identity =~m{\0} and return; # $identity has \\0 byte
$identity = idn_to_ascii($identity)
or return; # conversation to IDNA failed
$identity =~m{[^a-zA-Z0-9_.\-]}
and return; # still junk inside
}
}
# do the actual verification
my $check_name = sub {
my ($name,$identity,$wtyp,$publicsuffix) = @_;
$name =~s{\.+$}{}; # ignore absolutism
$name eq '' and return;
$wtyp ||= '';
my $pattern;
### IMPORTANT!
# We accept only a single wildcard and only for a single part of the FQDN
# e.g. *.example.org does match www.example.org but not bla.www.example.org
# The RFCs are in this regard unspecific but we don't want to have to
# deal with certificates like *.com, *.co.uk or even *
# see also http://nils.toedtmann.net/pub/subjectAltName.txt .
# Also, we fall back to full_label matches if the identity is an IDNA
# name, see RFC6125 and the discussion at
# http://bugs.python.org/issue17997#msg194950
if ( $wtyp eq 'anywhere' and $name =~m{^([a-zA-Z0-9_\-]*)\*(.+)} ) {
return if $1 ne '' and substr($identity,0,4) eq 'xn--'; # IDNA
$pattern = qr{^\Q$1\E[a-zA-Z0-9_\-]+\Q$2\E$}i;
} elsif ( $wtyp =~ m{^(?:full_label|leftmost)$}
and $name =~m{^\*(\..+)$} ) {
$pattern = qr{^[a-zA-Z0-9_\-]+\Q$1\E$}i;
} else {
return lc($identity) eq lc($name);
}
if ( $identity =~ $pattern ) {
$publicsuffix = IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix->default
if ! defined $publicsuffix;
return 1 if $publicsuffix eq '';
my @labels = split( m{\.+}, $identity );
my $tld = $publicsuffix->public_suffix(\@labels,+1);
return 1 if @labels > ( $tld ? 0+@$tld : 1 );
}
return;
};
my $alt_dnsNames = 0;
while (@altNames) {
my ($type, $name) = splice (@altNames, 0, 2);
if ( $ipn and $type == GEN_IPADD ) {
# exact match needed for IP
# $name is already packed format (inet_xton)
return 1 if $ipn eq $name;
} elsif ( ! $ipn and $type == GEN_DNS ) {
$name =~s/\s+$//; $name =~s/^\s+//;
$alt_dnsNames++;
$check_name->($name,$identity,$scheme->{wildcards_in_alt},$publicsuffix)
and return 1;
}
}
if ( $scheme->{check_cn} eq 'always' or
$scheme->{check_cn} eq 'when_only' and !$alt_dnsNames ) {
if ( ! $ipn ) {
$check_name->($commonName,$identity,$scheme->{wildcards_in_cn},$publicsuffix)
and return 1;
} elsif ( $scheme->{ip_in_cn} ) {
if ( $identity eq $commonName ) {
return 1 if
$scheme->{ip_in_cn} == 4 ? length($ipn) == 4 :
$scheme->{ip_in_cn} == 6 ? length($ipn) == 8 :
1;
}
}
}
return 0; # no match
}
}
sub verify_hostname {
my $self = shift;
my $host = shift;
my $cert = $self->peer_certificate;
return verify_hostname_of_cert( $host,$cert,@_ );
}
sub get_servername {
my $self = shift;
return ${*$self}{_SSL_servername} ||= do {
my $ssl = $self->_get_ssl_object or return;
Net::SSLeay::get_servername($ssl);
};
}
sub get_fingerprint_bin {
my ($self,$algo,$cert,$key_only) = @_;
$cert ||= $self->peer_certificate;
return $key_only
? Net::SSLeay::X509_pubkey_digest($cert, $algo2digest->($algo || 'sha256'))
: Net::SSLeay::X509_digest($cert, $algo2digest->($algo || 'sha256'));
}
sub get_fingerprint {
my ($self,$algo,$cert,$key_only) = @_;
$algo ||= 'sha256';
my $fp = get_fingerprint_bin($self,$algo,$cert,$key_only) or return;
return $algo.'$'.($key_only ? 'pub$':'').unpack('H*',$fp);
}
sub get_cipher {
my $ssl = shift()->_get_ssl_object || return;
return Net::SSLeay::get_cipher($ssl);
}
sub get_sslversion {
my $ssl = shift()->_get_ssl_object || return;
my $version = Net::SSLeay::version($ssl) or return;
return
$version == 0x0304 ? 'TLSv1_3' :
$version == 0x0303 ? 'TLSv1_2' :
$version == 0x0302 ? 'TLSv1_1' :
$version == 0x0301 ? 'TLSv1' :
$version == 0x0300 ? 'SSLv3' :
$version == 0x0002 ? 'SSLv2' :
$version == 0xfeff ? 'DTLS1' :
undef;
}
sub get_sslversion_int {
my $ssl = shift()->_get_ssl_object || return;
return Net::SSLeay::version($ssl);
}
sub get_session_reused {
return Net::SSLeay::session_reused(
shift()->_get_ssl_object || return);
}
if ($can_ocsp) {
no warnings 'once';
*ocsp_resolver = sub {
my $self = shift;
my $ssl = $self->_get_ssl_object || return;
my $ctx = ${*$self}{_SSL_ctx};
return IO::Socket::SSL::OCSP_Resolver->new(
$ssl,
$ctx->{ocsp_cache} ||= IO::Socket::SSL::OCSP_Cache->new,
$ctx->{ocsp_mode} & SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD,
@_ ? \@_ :
$ctx->{ocsp_mode} & SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN ? [ $self->peer_certificates ]:
[ $self->peer_certificate ]
);
};
}
sub errstr {
my $self = shift;
my $oe = ref($self) && ${*$self}{_SSL_last_err};
return $oe ? $oe->[0] : $SSL_ERROR || '';
}
sub fatal_ssl_error {
my $self = shift;
my $error_trap = ${*$self}{'_SSL_arguments'}->{'SSL_error_trap'};
$@ = $self->errstr;
if (defined $error_trap and ref($error_trap) eq 'CODE') {
$error_trap->($self, $self->errstr()."\n".$self->get_ssleay_error());
} elsif ( ${*$self}{'_SSL_ioclass_upgraded'}
|| ${*$self}{_SSL_arguments}{SSL_keepSocketOnError}) {
# downgrade only
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG('downgrading SSL only, not closing socket' );
$self->stop_SSL;
} else {
# kill socket
$self->close
}
return;
}
sub get_ssleay_error {
#Net::SSLeay will print out the errors itself unless we explicitly
#undefine $Net::SSLeay::trace while running print_errs()
local $Net::SSLeay::trace;
return Net::SSLeay::print_errs('SSL error: ') || '';
}
# internal errors, e.g. unsupported features, hostname check failed etc
# _SSL_last_err contains severity so that on error chains we can decide if one
# error should replace the previous one or if this is just a less specific
# follow-up error, e.g. configuration failed because certificate failed because
# hostname check went wrong:
# 0 - fallback errors
# 4 - errors bubbled up from OpenSSL (sub error, r/w error)
# 5 - hostname or OCSP verification failed
# 9 - fatal problems, e.g. missing feature, no fileno...
# _SSL_last_err and SSL_ERROR are only replaced if the error has a higher
# severity than the previous one
sub _internal_error {
my ($self, $error, $severity) = @_;
$error = dualvar( -1, $error );
$self = $CURRENT_SSL_OBJECT if !ref($self) && $CURRENT_SSL_OBJECT;
if (ref($self)) {
my $oe = ${*$self}{_SSL_last_err};
if (!$oe || $oe->[1] <= $severity) {
${*$self}{_SSL_last_err} = [$error,$severity];
$SSL_ERROR = $error;
$DEBUG && DEBUG("local error: $error");
} else {
$DEBUG && DEBUG("ignoring less severe local error '$error', keep '$oe->[0]'");
}
} else {
$SSL_ERROR = $error;
$DEBUG && DEBUG("global error: $error");
}
return;
}
# OpenSSL errors
sub error {
my ($self, $error) = @_;
my @err;
while ( my $err = Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error()) {
push @err, Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string($err);
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG( $error."\n".$self->get_ssleay_error());
}
$error .= ' '.join(' ',@err) if @err;
return $self->_internal_error($error,4) if $error;
return;
}
sub can_client_sni { return $can_client_sni }
sub can_server_sni { return $can_server_sni }
sub can_multi_cert { return $can_multi_cert }
sub can_npn { return $can_npn }
sub can_alpn { return $can_alpn }
sub can_ecdh { return $can_ecdh }
sub can_ipv6 { return CAN_IPV6 }
sub can_ocsp { return $can_ocsp }
sub can_ticket_keycb { return $can_tckt_keycb }
sub can_pha { return $can_pha }
sub can_partial_chain { return $check_partial_chain && 1 }
sub DESTROY {
my $self = shift or return;
if (my $ssl = ${*$self}{_SSL_object}) {
delete $SSL_OBJECT{$ssl};
if (!$use_threads or delete $CREATED_IN_THIS_THREAD{$ssl}) {
$self->close(_SSL_in_DESTROY => 1, SSL_no_shutdown => 1)
if ${*$self}{'_SSL_opened'};
}
}
delete @{*$self}{@all_my_keys};
}
#######Extra Backwards Compatibility Functionality#######
sub socket_to_SSL { IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL(@_); }
sub socketToSSL { IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL(@_); }
sub kill_socket { shift->close }
sub issuer_name { return(shift()->peer_certificate("issuer")) }
sub subject_name { return(shift()->peer_certificate("subject")) }
sub get_peer_certificate { return shift() }
sub context_init {
return($GLOBAL_SSL_ARGS = (ref($_[0]) eq 'HASH') ? $_[0] : {@_});
}
sub set_default_context {
$GLOBAL_SSL_ARGS->{'SSL_reuse_ctx'} = shift;
}
sub set_default_session_cache {
$GLOBAL_SSL_ARGS->{SSL_session_cache} = shift;
}
{
my $set_defaults = sub {
my $args = shift;
for(my $i=0;$i<@$args;$i+=2 ) {
my ($k,$v) = @{$args}[$i,$i+1];
if ( $k =~m{^SSL_} ) {
$_->{$k} = $v for(@_);
} elsif ( $k =~m{^(name|scheme)$} ) {
$_->{"SSL_verifycn_$k"} = $v for (@_);
} elsif ( $k =~m{^(callback|mode)$} ) {
$_->{"SSL_verify_$k"} = $v for(@_);
} else {
$_->{"SSL_$k"} = $v for(@_);
}
}
};
sub set_defaults {
my %args = @_;
$set_defaults->(\@_,
$GLOBAL_SSL_ARGS,
$GLOBAL_SSL_CLIENT_ARGS,
$GLOBAL_SSL_SERVER_ARGS
);
}
{ # deprecated API
no warnings;
*set_ctx_defaults = \&set_defaults;
}
sub set_client_defaults {
my %args = @_;
$set_defaults->(\@_, $GLOBAL_SSL_CLIENT_ARGS );
}
sub set_server_defaults {
my %args = @_;
$set_defaults->(\@_, $GLOBAL_SSL_SERVER_ARGS );
}
}
sub set_args_filter_hack {
my $sub = shift;
if ( ref $sub ) {
$FILTER_SSL_ARGS = $sub;
} elsif ( $sub eq 'use_defaults' ) {
# override args with defaults
$FILTER_SSL_ARGS = sub {
my ($is_server,$args) = @_;
%$args = ( %$args, $is_server
? ( %DEFAULT_SSL_SERVER_ARGS, %$GLOBAL_SSL_SERVER_ARGS )
: ( %DEFAULT_SSL_CLIENT_ARGS, %$GLOBAL_SSL_CLIENT_ARGS )
);
}
}
}
sub next_proto_negotiated {
my $self = shift;
return $self->_internal_error("NPN not supported in Net::SSLeay",9) if ! $can_npn;
my $ssl = $self->_get_ssl_object || return;
return Net::SSLeay::P_next_proto_negotiated($ssl);
}
sub alpn_selected {
my $self = shift;
return $self->_internal_error("ALPN not supported in Net::SSLeay",9) if ! $can_alpn;
my $ssl = $self->_get_ssl_object || return;
return Net::SSLeay::P_alpn_selected($ssl);
}
sub opened {
my $self = shift;
return IO::Handle::opened($self) && ${*$self}{'_SSL_opened'};
}
sub opening {
my $self = shift;
return ${*$self}{'_SSL_opening'};
}
sub want_read { shift->errstr == SSL_WANT_READ }
sub want_write { shift->errstr == SSL_WANT_WRITE }
#Redundant IO::Handle functionality
sub getline { return(scalar shift->readline()) }
sub getlines {
return(shift->readline()) if wantarray();
croak("Use of getlines() not allowed in scalar context");
}
#Useless IO::Handle functionality
sub truncate { croak("Use of truncate() not allowed with SSL") }
sub stat { croak("Use of stat() not allowed with SSL" ) }
sub setbuf { croak("Use of setbuf() not allowed with SSL" ) }
sub setvbuf { croak("Use of setvbuf() not allowed with SSL" ) }
sub fdopen { croak("Use of fdopen() not allowed with SSL" ) }
#Unsupported socket functionality
sub ungetc { croak("Use of ungetc() not implemented in IO::Socket::SSL") }
sub send { croak("Use of send() not implemented in IO::Socket::SSL; use print/printf/syswrite instead") }
sub recv { croak("Use of recv() not implemented in IO::Socket::SSL; use read/sysread instead") }
package IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_HANDLE;
use strict;
use Errno 'EBADF';
*weaken = *IO::Socket::SSL::weaken;
sub TIEHANDLE {
my ($class, $handle) = @_;
weaken($handle);
bless \$handle, $class;
}
sub READ { ${shift()}->sysread(@_) }
sub READLINE { ${shift()}->readline(@_) }
sub GETC { ${shift()}->getc(@_) }
sub PRINT { ${shift()}->print(@_) }
sub PRINTF { ${shift()}->printf(@_) }
sub WRITE { ${shift()}->syswrite(@_) }
sub FILENO { ${shift()}->fileno(@_) }
sub TELL { $! = EBADF; return -1 }
sub BINMODE { return 0 } # not perfect, but better than not implementing the method
sub CLOSE { #<---- Do not change this function!
my $ssl = ${$_[0]};
local @_;
$ssl->close();
}
package IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_Context;
use Carp;
use strict;
my %CTX_CREATED_IN_THIS_THREAD;
*DEBUG = *IO::Socket::SSL::DEBUG;
use constant SSL_MODE_ENABLE_PARTIAL_WRITE => 1;
use constant SSL_MODE_ACCEPT_MOVING_WRITE_BUFFER => 2;
use constant FILETYPE_PEM => Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM();
use constant FILETYPE_ASN1 => Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_ASN1();
my $DEFAULT_SSL_OP = &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL
| &Net::SSLeay::OP_SINGLE_DH_USE
| ($can_ecdh && &Net::SSLeay::OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE);
# Note that the final object will actually be a reference to the scalar
# (C-style pointer) returned by Net::SSLeay::CTX_*_new() so that
# it can be blessed.
sub new {
my $class = shift;
#DEBUG( "$class @_" );
my $arg_hash = (ref($_[0]) eq 'HASH') ? $_[0] : {@_};
my $is_server = $arg_hash->{SSL_server};
my %defaults = $is_server
? (%DEFAULT_SSL_SERVER_ARGS, %$GLOBAL_SSL_ARGS, %$GLOBAL_SSL_SERVER_ARGS)
: (%DEFAULT_SSL_CLIENT_ARGS, %$GLOBAL_SSL_ARGS, %$GLOBAL_SSL_CLIENT_ARGS);
if ( $defaults{SSL_reuse_ctx} ) {
# ignore default context if there are args to override it
delete $defaults{SSL_reuse_ctx}
if grep { m{^SSL_(?!verifycn_name|hostname)$} } keys %$arg_hash;
}
%$arg_hash = ( %defaults, %$arg_hash ) if %defaults;
if (my $ctx = $arg_hash->{'SSL_reuse_ctx'}) {
if ($ctx->isa('IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_Context') and
$ctx->{context}) {
# valid context
} elsif ( $ctx = ${*$ctx}{_SSL_ctx} ) {
# reuse context from existing SSL object
}
return $ctx
}
# common problem forgetting to set SSL_use_cert
# if client cert is given by user but SSL_use_cert is undef, assume that it
# should be set
if ( ! $is_server && ! defined $arg_hash->{SSL_use_cert}
&& ( grep { $arg_hash->{$_} } qw(SSL_cert SSL_cert_file))
&& ( grep { $arg_hash->{$_} } qw(SSL_key SSL_key_file)) ) {
$arg_hash->{SSL_use_cert} = 1
}
# if any of SSL_ca* is set don't set the other SSL_ca*
# from defaults
if ( $arg_hash->{SSL_ca} ) {
$arg_hash->{SSL_ca_file} ||= undef
$arg_hash->{SSL_ca_path} ||= undef
} elsif ( $arg_hash->{SSL_ca_path} ) {
$arg_hash->{SSL_ca_file} ||= undef
} elsif ( $arg_hash->{SSL_ca_file} ) {
$arg_hash->{SSL_ca_path} ||= undef;
}
# add library defaults
$arg_hash->{SSL_use_cert} = $is_server if ! defined $arg_hash->{SSL_use_cert};
# Avoid passing undef arguments to Net::SSLeay
defined($arg_hash->{$_}) or delete($arg_hash->{$_}) for(keys %$arg_hash);
# check SSL CA, cert etc arguments
# some apps set keys '' to signal that it is not set, replace with undef
for (qw( SSL_cert SSL_cert_file SSL_key SSL_key_file
SSL_ca SSL_ca_file SSL_ca_path
SSL_fingerprint )) {
$arg_hash->{$_} = undef if defined $arg_hash->{$_}
and $arg_hash->{$_} eq '';
}
for(qw(SSL_cert_file SSL_key_file)) {
defined( my $file = $arg_hash->{$_} ) or next;
for my $f (ref($file) eq 'HASH' ? values(%$file):$file ) {
die "$_ $f can't be used: $!" if ! open(my $fh,'<',$f)
}
}
my $verify_mode = $arg_hash->{SSL_verify_mode} || 0;
if ( $verify_mode != $Net_SSLeay_VERIFY_NONE) {
for (qw(SSL_ca_file SSL_ca_path)) {
$CHECK_SSL_PATH->($_ => $arg_hash->{$_} || next);
}
} elsif ( $verify_mode ne '0' ) {
# some users use the string 'SSL_VERIFY_PEER' instead of the constant
die "SSL_verify_mode must be a number and not a string";
}
my $self = bless {},$class;
my $vcn_scheme = delete $arg_hash->{SSL_verifycn_scheme};
my $vcn_publicsuffix = delete $arg_hash->{SSL_verifycn_publicsuffix};
if ( ! $is_server and $verify_mode & 0x01 and
! $vcn_scheme || $vcn_scheme ne 'none' ) {
# gets updated during configure_SSL
my $verify_name;
$self->{verify_name_ref} = \$verify_name;
my $vcb = $arg_hash->{SSL_verify_callback};
$arg_hash->{SSL_verify_callback} = sub {
my ($ok,$ctx_store,$certname,$error,$cert,$depth) = @_;
$ok = $vcb->($ok,$ctx_store,$certname,$error,$cert,$depth) if $vcb;
$ok or return 0;
return $ok if $depth != 0;
my $host = $verify_name || ref($vcn_scheme) && $vcn_scheme->{callback} && 'unknown';
if ( ! $host ) {
if ( $vcn_scheme ) {
IO::Socket::SSL->_internal_error(
"Cannot determine peer hostname for verification",8);
return 0;
}
warn "Cannot determine hostname of peer for verification. ".
"Disabling default hostname verification for now. ".
"Please specify hostname with SSL_verifycn_name and better set SSL_verifycn_scheme too.\n";
return $ok;
} elsif ( ! $vcn_scheme && $host =~m{^[\d.]+$|:} ) {
# don't try to verify IP by default
return $ok;
}
# verify name
my $rv = IO::Socket::SSL::verify_hostname_of_cert(
$host,$cert,$vcn_scheme,$vcn_publicsuffix );
if ( ! $rv ) {
IO::Socket::SSL->_internal_error(
"hostname verification failed",5);
}
return $rv;
};
}
if ($is_server) {
if ($arg_hash->{SSL_ticket_keycb} && !$can_tckt_keycb) {
warn "Ticket Key Callback is not supported - ignoring option SSL_ticket_keycb\n";
delete $arg_hash->{SSL_ticket_keycb};
}
}
my $ssl_op = $DEFAULT_SSL_OP;
my $ver = '';
for (split(/\s*:\s*/,$arg_hash->{SSL_version})) {
m{^(!?)(?:(SSL(?:v2|v3|v23|v2/3))|(TLSv1(?:_?[123])?))$}i
or croak("invalid SSL_version specified");
my $not = $1;
( my $v = lc($2||$3) ) =~s{^(...)}{\U$1};
if ( $not ) {
$ssl_op |= $SSL_OP_NO{$v};
} else {
croak("cannot set multiple SSL protocols in SSL_version")
if $ver && $v ne $ver;
$ver = $v;
$ver =~s{/}{}; # interpret SSLv2/3 as SSLv23
$ver =~s{(TLSv1)(\d)}{$1\_$2}; # TLSv1_1
}
}
my $ctx_new_sub =
$ver eq 'TLSv1_3' ? $CTX_tlsv1_3_new :
UNIVERSAL::can( 'Net::SSLeay',
$ver eq 'SSLv2' ? 'CTX_v2_new' :
$ver eq 'SSLv3' ? 'CTX_v3_new' :
$ver eq 'TLSv1' ? 'CTX_tlsv1_new' :
$ver eq 'TLSv1_1' ? 'CTX_tlsv1_1_new' :
$ver eq 'TLSv1_2' ? 'CTX_tlsv1_2_new' :
'CTX_new'
)
or return IO::Socket::SSL->_internal_error("SSL Version $ver not supported",9);
# For SNI in server mode we need a separate context for each certificate.
my %ctx;
if ($is_server) {
my %sni;
for my $opt (qw(SSL_key SSL_key_file SSL_cert SSL_cert_file)) {
my $val = $arg_hash->{$opt} or next;
if ( ref($val) eq 'HASH' ) {
while ( my ($host,$v) = each %$val ) {
$sni{lc($host)}{$opt} = $v;
}
}
}
while (my ($host,$v) = each %sni) {
$ctx{$host} = $host =~m{%} ? $v : { %$arg_hash, %$v };
}
}
$ctx{''} = $arg_hash if ! %ctx;
for my $host (sort keys %ctx) {
my $arg_hash = delete $ctx{$host};
my $ctx;
if ($host =~m{^([^%]*)%}) {
$ctx = $ctx{$1} or return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"SSL Context init for $host failed - no config for $1");
if (my @k = grep { !m{^SSL_(?:cert|key)(?:_file)?$} }
keys %$arg_hash) {
return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"invalid keys @k in configuration '$host' of additional certs");
}
$can_multi_cert or return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"no support for both RSA and ECC certificate in same context");
$host = $1;
goto just_configure_certs;
}
$ctx = $ctx_new_sub->() or return
IO::Socket::SSL->error("SSL Context init failed");
$CTX_CREATED_IN_THIS_THREAD{$ctx} = 1 if $use_threads;
$ctx{$host} = $ctx; # replace value in %ctx with real context
# SSL_OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE
$ssl_op |= 0x00400000 if $arg_hash->{SSL_honor_cipher_order};
if ($ver eq 'SSLv23' && !($ssl_op & $SSL_OP_NO{SSLv3})) {
# At least LibreSSL disables SSLv3 by default in SSL_CTX_new.
# If we really want SSL3.0 we need to explicitly allow it with
# SSL_CTX_clear_options.
Net::SSLeay::CTX_clear_options($ctx,$SSL_OP_NO{SSLv3});
}
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_options($ctx,$ssl_op);
# enable X509_V_FLAG_PARTIAL_CHAIN if possible (OpenSSL 1.1.0+)
$check_partial_chain && $check_partial_chain->($ctx);
# if we don't set session_id_context if client certificate is expected
# client session caching will fail
# if user does not provide explicit id just use the stringification
# of the context
if($arg_hash->{SSL_server} and my $id =
$arg_hash->{SSL_session_id_context} ||
( $arg_hash->{SSL_verify_mode} & 0x01 ) && "$ctx" ) {
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_session_id_context($ctx,$id,length($id));
}
# SSL_MODE_ACCEPT_MOVING_WRITE_BUFFER makes syswrite return if at least one
# buffer was written and not block for the rest
# SSL_MODE_ENABLE_PARTIAL_WRITE can be necessary for non-blocking because we
# cannot guarantee, that the location of the buffer stays constant
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_mode( $ctx,
SSL_MODE_ACCEPT_MOVING_WRITE_BUFFER|SSL_MODE_ENABLE_PARTIAL_WRITE);
if ( my $proto_list = $arg_hash->{SSL_npn_protocols} ) {
return IO::Socket::SSL->_internal_error("NPN not supported in Net::SSLeay",9)
if ! $can_npn;
if($arg_hash->{SSL_server}) {
# on server side SSL_npn_protocols means a list of advertised protocols
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_next_protos_advertised_cb($ctx, $proto_list);
} else {
# on client side SSL_npn_protocols means a list of preferred protocols
# negotiation algorithm used is "as-openssl-implements-it"
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_next_proto_select_cb($ctx, $proto_list);
}
}
if ( my $proto_list = $arg_hash->{SSL_alpn_protocols} ) {
return IO::Socket::SSL->_internal_error("ALPN not supported in Net::SSLeay",9)
if ! $can_alpn;
if($arg_hash->{SSL_server}) {
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_alpn_select_cb($ctx, $proto_list);
} else {
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_alpn_protos($ctx, $proto_list);
}
}
if ($arg_hash->{SSL_ticket_keycb}) {
my $cb = $arg_hash->{SSL_ticket_keycb};
($cb,my $arg) = ref($cb) eq 'CODE' ? ($cb):@$cb;
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_tlsext_ticket_getkey_cb($ctx,$cb,$arg);
}
# Try to apply SSL_ca even if SSL_verify_mode is 0, so that they can be
# used to verify OCSP responses.
# If applying fails complain only if verify_mode != VERIFY_NONE.
if ( $arg_hash->{SSL_ca}
|| defined $arg_hash->{SSL_ca_file}
|| defined $arg_hash->{SSL_ca_path} ) {
my $file = $arg_hash->{SSL_ca_file};
$file = undef if ref($file) eq 'SCALAR' && ! $$file;
my $dir = $arg_hash->{SSL_ca_path};
$dir = undef if ref($dir) eq 'SCALAR' && ! $$dir;
if ( $arg_hash->{SSL_ca} ) {
my $store = Net::SSLeay::CTX_get_cert_store($ctx);
for (@{$arg_hash->{SSL_ca}}) {
Net::SSLeay::X509_STORE_add_cert($store,$_) or
return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"Failed to add certificate to CA store");
}
}
$dir = join($OPENSSL_LIST_SEPARATOR,@$dir) if ref($dir);
if ( $file || $dir and ! Net::SSLeay::CTX_load_verify_locations(
$ctx, $file || '', $dir || '')) {
return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"Invalid certificate authority locations")
if $verify_mode != $Net_SSLeay_VERIFY_NONE;
}
} elsif ( my %ca = IO::Socket::SSL::default_ca()) {
# no CA path given, continue with system defaults
my $dir = $ca{SSL_ca_path};
$dir = join($OPENSSL_LIST_SEPARATOR,@$dir) if ref($dir);
if (! Net::SSLeay::CTX_load_verify_locations( $ctx,
$ca{SSL_ca_file} || '',$dir || '')
&& $verify_mode != $Net_SSLeay_VERIFY_NONE) {
return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"Invalid default certificate authority locations")
}
}
if ($is_server && ($verify_mode & $Net_SSLeay_VERIFY_PEER)) {
if ($arg_hash->{SSL_client_ca}) {
for (@{$arg_hash->{SSL_client_ca}}) {
return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"Failed to add certificate to client CA list") if
! Net::SSLeay::CTX_add_client_CA($ctx,$_);
}
}
if ($arg_hash->{SSL_client_ca_file}) {
my $list = Net::SSLeay::load_client_CA_file(
$arg_hash->{SSL_client_ca_file}) or
return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"Failed to load certificate to client CA list");
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_client_CA_list($ctx,$list);
}
}
my $X509_STORE_flags = $DEFAULT_X509_STORE_flags;
if ($arg_hash->{'SSL_check_crl'}) {
$X509_STORE_flags |= Net::SSLeay::X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK();
if ($arg_hash->{'SSL_crl_file'}) {
my $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new_file($arg_hash->{'SSL_crl_file'}, 'r');
my $crl = Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL($bio);
Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio);
if ( $crl ) {
Net::SSLeay::X509_STORE_add_crl(Net::SSLeay::CTX_get_cert_store($ctx), $crl);
Net::SSLeay::X509_CRL_free($crl);
} else {
return IO::Socket::SSL->error("Invalid certificate revocation list");
}
}
}
Net::SSLeay::X509_STORE_set_flags(
Net::SSLeay::CTX_get_cert_store($ctx),
$X509_STORE_flags
) if $X509_STORE_flags;
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_default_passwd_cb($ctx,$arg_hash->{SSL_passwd_cb})
if $arg_hash->{SSL_passwd_cb};
just_configure_certs:
my ($havekey,$havecert);
if ( my $x509 = $arg_hash->{SSL_cert} ) {
# binary, e.g. X509*
# we have either a single certificate or a list with
# a chain of certificates
my @x509 = ref($x509) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$x509: ($x509);
my $cert = shift @x509;
Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_certificate( $ctx,$cert )
|| return IO::Socket::SSL->error("Failed to use Certificate");
foreach my $ca (@x509) {
Net::SSLeay::CTX_add_extra_chain_cert( $ctx,$ca )
|| return IO::Socket::SSL->error("Failed to use Certificate");
}
$havecert = 'OBJ';
} elsif ( my $f = $arg_hash->{SSL_cert_file} ) {
# try to load chain from PEM or certificate from ASN1
if (Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_certificate_chain_file($ctx,$f)) {
$havecert = 'PEM';
} elsif (Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_certificate_file($ctx,$f,FILETYPE_ASN1)) {
$havecert = 'DER';
} else {
# try to load certificate, key and chain from PKCS12 file
my ($key,$cert,@chain) = Net::SSLeay::P_PKCS12_load_file($f,1);
if (!$cert and $arg_hash->{SSL_passwd_cb}
and defined( my $pw = $arg_hash->{SSL_passwd_cb}->(0))) {
($key,$cert,@chain) = Net::SSLeay::P_PKCS12_load_file($f,1,$pw);
}
PKCS12: while ($cert) {
Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_certificate($ctx,$cert) or last;
# Net::SSLeay::P_PKCS12_load_file is implemented using
# OpenSSL PKCS12_parse which according to the source code
# returns the chain with the last CA certificate first (i.e.
# reverse order as in the PKCS12 file). This is not
# documented but given the age of this function we'll assume
# that this will stay this way in the future.
while (my $ca = pop @chain) {
Net::SSLeay::CTX_add_extra_chain_cert($ctx,$ca)
or last PKCS12;
}
last if $key && ! Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_PrivateKey($ctx,$key);
$havecert = 'PKCS12';
last;
}
$havekey = 'PKCS12' if $key;
Net::SSLeay::X509_free($cert) if $cert;
Net::SSLeay::EVP_PKEY_free($key) if $key;
# don't free @chain, because CTX_add_extra_chain_cert
# did not duplicate the certificates
}
$havecert or return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"Failed to load certificate from file (no PEM, DER or PKCS12)");
}
if (!$havecert || $havekey) {
# skip SSL_key_*
} elsif ( my $pkey = $arg_hash->{SSL_key} ) {
# binary, e.g. EVP_PKEY*
Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_PrivateKey($ctx, $pkey)
|| return IO::Socket::SSL->error("Failed to use Private Key");
$havekey = 'MEM';
} elsif ( my $f = $arg_hash->{SSL_key_file}
|| (($havecert eq 'PEM') ? $arg_hash->{SSL_cert_file}:undef) ) {
for my $ft ( FILETYPE_PEM, FILETYPE_ASN1 ) {
if (Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_PrivateKey_file($ctx,$f,$ft)) {
$havekey = ($ft == FILETYPE_PEM) ? 'PEM':'DER';
last;
}
}
$havekey or return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"Failed to load key from file (no PEM or DER)");
}
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_post_handshake_auth($ctx,1)
if (!$is_server && $can_pha && $havecert && $havekey);
}
if ($arg_hash->{SSL_server}) {
if ( my $f = $arg_hash->{SSL_dh_file} ) {
my $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new_file( $f,'r' )
|| return IO::Socket::SSL->error( "Failed to open DH file $f" );
my $dh = Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_DHparams($bio);
Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio);
$dh || return IO::Socket::SSL->error( "Failed to read PEM for DH from $f - wrong format?" );
my $rv;
for (values (%ctx)) {
$rv = Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_tmp_dh( $_,$dh ) or last;
}
Net::SSLeay::DH_free( $dh );
$rv || return IO::Socket::SSL->error( "Failed to set DH from $f" );
} elsif ( my $dh = $arg_hash->{SSL_dh} ) {
# binary, e.g. DH*
for( values %ctx ) {
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_tmp_dh( $_,$dh ) || return
IO::Socket::SSL->error( "Failed to set DH from SSL_dh" );
}
}
}
if ( my $curve = $arg_hash->{SSL_ecdh_curve} ) {
return IO::Socket::SSL->_internal_error(
"ECDH curve needs Net::SSLeay>=1.56 and OpenSSL>=1.0",9)
if ! $can_ecdh;
for(values %ctx) {
if ($arg_hash->{SSL_server} and $curve eq 'auto') {
if ($can_ecdh eq 'can_auto') {
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_ecdh_auto($_,1) or
return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"failed to set ECDH curve context");
} elsif ($can_ecdh eq 'auto') {
# automatically enabled anyway
} else {
return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"SSL_CTX_set_ecdh_auto not implemented");
}
} elsif ($set_groups_list) {
$set_groups_list->($_,$curve) or return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"failed to set ECDH groups/curves on context");
# needed for OpenSSL 1.0.2 if ($can_ecdh eq 'can_auto') {
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_ecdh_auto($_,1) if $can_ecdh eq 'can_auto';
} elsif ($curve =~m{:}) {
return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"SSL_CTX_groups_list or SSL_CTX_curves_list not implemented");
} elsif ($arg_hash->{SSL_server}) {
if ( $curve !~ /^\d+$/ ) {
# name of curve, find NID
$curve = Net::SSLeay::OBJ_txt2nid($curve)
|| return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"cannot find NID for curve name '$curve'");
}
my $ecdh = Net::SSLeay::EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name($curve) or
return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"cannot create curve for NID $curve");
for( values %ctx ) {
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_tmp_ecdh($_,$ecdh) or
return IO::Socket::SSL->error(
"failed to set ECDH curve context");
}
Net::SSLeay::EC_KEY_free($ecdh);
}
}
}
my $verify_cb = $arg_hash->{SSL_verify_callback};
my @accept_fp;
if ( my $fp = $arg_hash->{SSL_fingerprint} ) {
for( ref($fp) ? @$fp : $fp) {
my ($algo,$pubkey,$digest) = m{^(?:([\w-]+)\$)?(pub\$)?([a-f\d:]+)$}i
or return IO::Socket::SSL->_internal_error("invalid fingerprint '$_'",9);
( $digest = lc($digest) ) =~s{:}{}g;
$algo ||=
length($digest) == 32 ? 'md5' :
length($digest) == 40 ? 'sha1' :
length($digest) == 64 ? 'sha256' :
return IO::Socket::SSL->_internal_error(
"cannot detect hash algorithem from fingerprint '$_'",9);
$algo = lc($algo);
push @accept_fp,[ $algo, $pubkey || '', pack('H*',$digest) ]
}
}
my $verify_fingerprint = @accept_fp && do {
my $fail;
sub {
my ($ok,$cert,$depth) = @_;
$fail = 1 if ! $ok;
return 1 if $depth>0; # to let us continue with verification
# Check fingerprint only from top certificate.
my %fp;
for(@accept_fp) {
my $fp = $fp{$_->[0],$_->[1]} ||= $_->[1]
? Net::SSLeay::X509_pubkey_digest($cert,$algo2digest->($_->[0]))
: Net::SSLeay::X509_digest($cert,$algo2digest->($_->[0]));
next if $fp ne $_->[2];
return 1;
}
return ! $fail;
}
};
my $verify_callback = ( $verify_cb || @accept_fp ) && sub {
my ($ok, $ctx_store) = @_;
my ($certname,$cert,$error,$depth);
if ($ctx_store) {
$cert = Net::SSLeay::X509_STORE_CTX_get_current_cert($ctx_store);
$error = Net::SSLeay::X509_STORE_CTX_get_error($ctx_store);
$depth = Net::SSLeay::X509_STORE_CTX_get_error_depth($ctx_store);
$certname =
Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_oneline(Net::SSLeay::X509_get_issuer_name($cert)).
Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_oneline(Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($cert));
$error &&= Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string($error);
}
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG( "ok=$ok [$depth] $certname" );
$ok = $verify_cb->($ok,$ctx_store,$certname,$error,$cert,$depth) if $verify_cb;
$ok = $verify_fingerprint->($ok,$cert,$depth) if $verify_fingerprint && $cert;
return $ok;
};
if ( $^O eq 'darwin' ) {
# explicitly set error code to disable use of apples TEA patch
# https://hynek.me/articles/apple-openssl-verification-surprises/
my $vcb = $verify_callback;
$verify_callback = sub {
my $rv = $vcb ? &$vcb : $_[0];
if ( $rv != 1 ) {
# 50 - X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION: application verification failure
Net::SSLeay::X509_STORE_CTX_set_error($_[1], 50);
}
return $rv;
};
}
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_verify($_, $verify_mode, $verify_callback)
for (values %ctx);
my $staple_callback = $arg_hash->{SSL_ocsp_staple_callback};
if ( !$is_server && $can_ocsp_staple && ! $verify_fingerprint) {
$self->{ocsp_cache} = $arg_hash->{SSL_ocsp_cache};
my $status_cb = sub {
my ($ssl,$resp) = @_;
my $iossl = $SSL_OBJECT{$ssl} or
die "no IO::Socket::SSL object found for SSL $ssl";
$iossl->[1] and do {
# we must return with 1 or it will be called again
# and because we have no SSL object we must make the error global
Carp::cluck($IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_ERROR
= "OCSP callback on server side");
return 1;
};
$iossl = $iossl->[0];
# if we have a callback use this
# callback must not free or copy $resp !!
if ( $staple_callback ) {
$staple_callback->($iossl,$resp);
return 1;
}
# default callback does verification
if ( ! $resp ) {
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("did not get stapled OCSP response");
return 1;
}
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("got stapled OCSP response");
my $status = Net::SSLeay::OCSP_response_status($resp);
if ($status != Net::SSLeay::OCSP_RESPONSE_STATUS_SUCCESSFUL()) {
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("bad status of stapled OCSP response: ".
Net::SSLeay::OCSP_response_status_str($status));
return 1;
}
if (!eval { Net::SSLeay::OCSP_response_verify($ssl,$resp) }) {
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("verify of stapled OCSP response failed");
return 1;
}
my (@results,$hard_error);
my @chain = $iossl->peer_certificates;
for my $cert (@chain) {
my $certid = eval { Net::SSLeay::OCSP_cert2ids($ssl,$cert) };
if (!$certid) {
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("cannot create OCSP_CERTID: $@");
push @results,[-1,$@];
last;
}
($status) = Net::SSLeay::OCSP_response_results($resp,$certid);
if ($status && $status->[2]) {
my $cache = ${*$iossl}{_SSL_ctx}{ocsp_cache};
if (!$status->[1]) {
push @results,[1,$status->[2]{nextUpdate}];
$cache && $cache->put($certid,$status->[2]);
} elsif ( $status->[2]{statusType} ==
Net::SSLeay::V_OCSP_CERTSTATUS_GOOD()) {
push @results,[1,$status->[2]{nextUpdate}];
$cache && $cache->put($certid,{
%{$status->[2]},
expire => time()+120,
soft_error => $status->[1],
});
} else {
push @results,($hard_error = [0,$status->[1]]);
$cache && $cache->put($certid,{
%{$status->[2]},
hard_error => $status->[1],
});
}
}
}
# return result of lead certificate, this should be in chain[0] and
# thus result[0], but we better check. But if we had any hard_error
# return this instead
if ($hard_error) {
${*$iossl}{_SSL_ocsp_verify} = $hard_error;
} elsif (@results and $chain[0] == $iossl->peer_certificate) {
${*$iossl}{_SSL_ocsp_verify} = $results[0];
}
return 1;
};
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_tlsext_status_cb($_,$status_cb) for (values %ctx);
}
if ( my $cl = $arg_hash->{SSL_cipher_list} ) {
for (keys %ctx) {
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_cipher_list($ctx{$_}, ref($cl)
? $cl->{$_} || $cl->{''} || $DEFAULT_SSL_ARGS{SSL_cipher_list} || next
: $cl
) || return IO::Socket::SSL->error("Failed to set SSL cipher list");
}
}
# Main context is default context or any other if no default context.
my $ctx = $ctx{''} || (values %ctx)[0];
if (keys(%ctx) > 1 || ! exists $ctx{''}) {
$can_server_sni or return IO::Socket::SSL->_internal_error(
"Server side SNI not supported for this openssl/Net::SSLeay",9);
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_tlsext_servername_callback($ctx, sub {
my $ssl = shift;
my $host = Net::SSLeay::get_servername($ssl);
$host = '' if ! defined $host;
my $snictx = $ctx{lc($host)} || $ctx{''} or do {
$DEBUG>1 and DEBUG(
"cannot get context from servername '$host'");
return 0;
};
$DEBUG>1 and DEBUG("set context from servername $host");
Net::SSLeay::set_SSL_CTX($ssl,$snictx) if $snictx != $ctx;
return 1;
});
}
if ( my $cb = $arg_hash->{SSL_create_ctx_callback} ) {
$cb->($_) for values (%ctx);
}
$self->{context} = $ctx;
$self->{verify_mode} = $arg_hash->{SSL_verify_mode};
$self->{ocsp_mode} =
defined($arg_hash->{SSL_ocsp_mode}) ? $arg_hash->{SSL_ocsp_mode} :
$self->{verify_mode} ? IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_OCSP_TRY_STAPLE() :
0;
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG( "new ctx $ctx" );
if ( my $cache = $arg_hash->{SSL_session_cache} ) {
# use predefined cache
$self->{session_cache} = $cache
} elsif ( my $size = $arg_hash->{SSL_session_cache_size}) {
$self->{session_cache} = IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache->new( $size );
}
if ($self->{session_cache} and %sess_cb) {
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_session_cache_mode($ctx,
Net::SSLeay::SESS_CACHE_CLIENT());
my $cache = $self->{session_cache};
$sess_cb{new}($ctx, sub {
my ($ssl,$session) = @_;
my $self = ($SSL_OBJECT{$ssl} || do {
warn "callback session new: no known SSL object for $ssl";
return;
})->[0];
my $args = ${*$self}{_SSL_arguments};
my $key = $args->{SSL_session_key} or do {
warn "callback session new: no known SSL_session_key for $ssl";
return;
};
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("callback session new <$key> $session");
Net::SSLeay::SESSION_up_ref($session);
$cache->add_session($key,$session);
});
$sess_cb{remove}($ctx, sub {
my ($ctx,$session) = @_;
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("callback session remove $session");
$cache->del_session(undef,$session);
});
}
return $self;
}
sub has_session_cache {
return defined shift->{session_cache};
}
sub CLONE { %CTX_CREATED_IN_THIS_THREAD = (); }
sub DESTROY {
my $self = shift;
if ( my $ctx = $self->{context} ) {
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("free ctx $ctx open=".join( " ",keys %CTX_CREATED_IN_THIS_THREAD ));
if (!$use_threads or delete $CTX_CREATED_IN_THIS_THREAD{$ctx} ) {
# remove any verify callback for this context
if ( $self->{verify_mode}) {
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("free ctx $ctx callback" );
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_verify($ctx, 0,undef);
}
if ( $self->{ocsp_error_ref}) {
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("free ctx $ctx tlsext_status_cb" );
Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_tlsext_status_cb($ctx,undef);
}
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("OK free ctx $ctx" );
Net::SSLeay::CTX_free($ctx);
}
}
delete(@{$self}{'context','session_cache'});
}
package IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache;
*DEBUG = *IO::Socket::SSL::DEBUG;
use constant {
SESSION => 0,
KEY => 1,
GNEXT => 2,
GPREV => 3,
SNEXT => 4,
SPREV => 5,
};
sub new {
my ($class, $size) = @_;
$size>0 or return;
return bless {
room => $size,
ghead => undef,
shead => {},
}, $class;
}
sub add_session {
my ($self, $key, $session) = @_;
# create new
my $v = [];
$v->[SESSION] = $session;
$v->[KEY] = $key;
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("add_session($key,$session)");
_add_entry($self,$v);
}
sub replace_session {
my ($self, $key, $session) = @_;
$self->del_session($key);
$self->add_session($key, $session);
}
sub del_session {
my ($self, $key, $session) = @_;
my ($head,$inext) = $key
? ($self->{shead}{$key},SNEXT) : ($self->{ghead},GNEXT);
my $v = $head;
my @del;
while ($v) {
if (!$session) {
push @del,$v
} elsif ($v->[SESSION] == $session) {
push @del, $v;
last;
}
$v = $v->[$inext];
last if $v == $head;
}
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("del_session("
. ($key ? $key : "undef")
. ($session ? ",$session) -> " : ") -> ")
. (~~@del || 'none'));
for (@del) {
_del_entry($self,$_);
Net::SSLeay::SESSION_free($_->[SESSION]) if $_->[SESSION];
}
return ~~@del;
}
sub get_session {
my ($self, $key, $session) = @_;
my $v = $self->{shead}{$key};
if ($session) {
my $shead = $v;
while ($v) {
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("check $session - $v->[SESSION]");
last if $v->[SESSION] == $session;
$v = $v->[SNEXT];
$v = undef if $v == $shead; # session not found
}
}
if ($v) {
_del_entry($self, $v); # remove
_add_entry($self, $v); # and add back on top
}
$DEBUG>=3 && DEBUG("get_session($key"
. ( $session ? ",$session) -> " : ") -> ")
. ($v? $v->[SESSION]:"none"));
return $v && $v->[SESSION];
}
sub _add_entry {
my ($self,$v) = @_;
for(
[ SNEXT, SPREV, \$self->{shead}{$v->[KEY]} ],
[ GNEXT, GPREV, \$self->{ghead} ],
) {
my ($inext,$iprev,$rhead) = @$_;
if ($$rhead) {
$v->[$inext] = $$rhead;
$v->[$iprev] = ${$rhead}->[$iprev];
${$rhead}->[$iprev][$inext] = $v;
${$rhead}->[$iprev] = $v;
} else {
$v->[$inext] = $v->[$iprev] = $v;
}
$$rhead = $v;
}
$self->{room}--;
# drop old entries if necessary
if ($self->{room}<0) {
my $l = $self->{ghead}[GPREV];
_del_entry($self,$l);
Net::SSLeay::SESSION_free($l->[SESSION]) if $l->[SESSION];
}
}
sub _del_entry {
my ($self,$v) = @_;
for(
[ SNEXT, SPREV, \$self->{shead}{$v->[KEY]} ],
[ GNEXT, GPREV, \$self->{ghead} ],
) {
my ($inext,$iprev,$rhead) = @$_;
$$rhead or return;
$v->[$inext][$iprev] = $v->[$iprev];
$v->[$iprev][$inext] = $v->[$inext];
if ($v != $$rhead) {
# not removed from top of list
} elsif ($v->[$inext] == $v) {
# was only element on list, drop list
if ($inext == SNEXT) {
delete $self->{shead}{$v->[KEY]};
} else {
$$rhead = undef;
}
} else {
# was top element, keep others
$$rhead = $v->[$inext];
}
}
$self->{room}++;
}
sub _dump {
my $self = shift;
my %v2i;
my $v = $self->{ghead};
while ($v) {
exists $v2i{$v} and die;
$v2i{$v} = int(keys %v2i);
$v = $v->[GNEXT];
last if $v == $self->{ghead};
}
my $out = "room: $self->{room}\nghead:\n";
$v = $self->{ghead};
while ($v) {
$out .= sprintf(" - [%d] <%d,%d> '%s' <%s>\n",
$v2i{$v}, $v2i{$v->[GPREV]}, $v2i{$v->[GNEXT]},
$v->[KEY], $v->[SESSION]);
$v = $v->[GNEXT];
last if $v == $self->{ghead};
}
$out .= "shead:\n";
for my $key (sort keys %{$self->{shead}}) {
$out .= " - '$key'\n";
my $shead = $self->{shead}{$key};
my $v = $shead;
while ($v) {
$out .= sprintf(" - [%d] <%d,%d> '%s' <%s>\n",
$v2i{$v}, $v2i{$v->[SPREV]}, $v2i{$v->[SNEXT]},
$v->[KEY], $v->[SESSION]);
$v = $v->[SNEXT];
last if $v == $shead;
}
}
return $out;
}
sub DESTROY {
my $self = shift;
delete $self->{shead};
my $v = delete $self->{ghead};
while ($v) {
Net::SSLeay::SESSION_free($v->[SESSION]) if $v->[SESSION];
my $next = $v->[GNEXT];
@$v = ();
$v = $next;
}
}
package IO::Socket::SSL::OCSP_Cache;
sub new {
my ($class,$size) = @_;
return bless {
'' => { _lru => 0, size => $size || 100 }
},$class;
}
sub get {
my ($self,$id) = @_;
my $e = $self->{$id} or return;
$e->{_lru} = $self->{''}{_lru}++;
if ( $e->{expire} && time()<$e->{expire}) {
delete $self->{$id};
return;
}
if ( $e->{nextUpdate} && time()<$e->{nextUpdate} ) {
delete $self->{$id};
return;
}
return $e;
}
sub put {
my ($self,$id,$e) = @_;
$self->{$id} = $e;
$e->{_lru} = $self->{''}{_lru}++;
my $del = keys(%$self) - $self->{''}{size};
if ($del>0) {
my @k = sort { $self->{$a}{_lru} <=> $self->{$b}{_lru} } keys %$self;
delete @{$self}{ splice(@k,0,$del) };
}
return $e;
}
package IO::Socket::SSL::OCSP_Resolver;
*DEBUG = *IO::Socket::SSL::DEBUG;
# create a new resolver
# $ssl - the ssl object
# $cache - OCSP_Cache object (put,get)
# $failhard - flag if we should fail hard on OCSP problems
# $certs - list of certs to verify
sub new {
my ($class,$ssl,$cache,$failhard,$certs) = @_;
my (%todo,$done,$hard_error,@soft_error);
for my $cert (@$certs) {
# skip entries which have no OCSP uri or where we cannot get a certid
# (e.g. self-signed or where we don't have the issuer)
my $subj = Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_oneline(Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($cert));
my $uri = Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ocsp_uri($cert) or do {
$DEBUG>2 && DEBUG("no URI for certificate $subj");
push @soft_error,"no ocsp_uri for $subj";
next;
};
my $certid = eval { Net::SSLeay::OCSP_cert2ids($ssl,$cert) } or do {
$DEBUG>2 && DEBUG("no OCSP_CERTID for certificate $subj: $@");
push @soft_error,"no certid for $subj: $@";
next;
};
if (!($done = $cache->get($certid))) {
push @{ $todo{$uri}{ids} }, $certid;
push @{ $todo{$uri}{subj} }, $subj;
} elsif ( $done->{hard_error} ) {
# one error is enough to fail validation
$hard_error = $done->{hard_error};
%todo = ();
last;
} elsif ( $done->{soft_error} ) {
push @soft_error,$done->{soft_error};
}
}
while ( my($uri,$v) = each %todo) {
my $ids = $v->{ids};
$v->{req} = Net::SSLeay::i2d_OCSP_REQUEST(
Net::SSLeay::OCSP_ids2req(@$ids));
}
$hard_error ||= '' if ! %todo;
return bless {
ssl => $ssl,
cache => $cache,
failhard => $failhard,
hard_error => $hard_error,
soft_error => @soft_error ? join("; ",@soft_error) : undef,
todo => \%todo,
},$class;
}
# return current result, e.g. '' for no error, else error
# if undef we have no final result yet
sub hard_error { return shift->{hard_error} }
sub soft_error { return shift->{soft_error} }
# return hash with uri => ocsp_request_data for open requests
sub requests {
my $todo = shift()->{todo};
return map { ($_,$todo->{$_}{req}) } keys %$todo;
}
# add new response
sub add_response {
my ($self,$uri,$resp) = @_;
my $todo = delete $self->{todo}{$uri};
return $self->{error} if ! $todo || $self->{error};
my ($req,@soft_error,@hard_error);
# do we have a response
if (!$resp) {
@soft_error = "http request for OCSP failed; subject: ".
join("; ",@{$todo->{subj}});
# is it a valid OCSP_RESPONSE
} elsif ( ! eval { $resp = Net::SSLeay::d2i_OCSP_RESPONSE($resp) }) {
@soft_error = "invalid response (no OCSP_RESPONSE); subject: ".
join("; ",@{$todo->{subj}});
# hopefully short-time error
$self->{cache}->put($_,{
soft_error => "@soft_error",
expire => time()+10,
}) for (@{$todo->{ids}});
# is the OCSP response status success
} elsif (
( my $status = Net::SSLeay::OCSP_response_status($resp))
!= Net::SSLeay::OCSP_RESPONSE_STATUS_SUCCESSFUL()
){
@soft_error = "OCSP response failed: ".
Net::SSLeay::OCSP_response_status_str($status).
"; subject: ".join("; ",@{$todo->{subj}});
# hopefully short-time error
$self->{cache}->put($_,{
soft_error => "@soft_error",
expire => time()+10,
}) for (@{$todo->{ids}});
# does nonce match the request and can the signature be verified
} elsif ( ! eval {
$req = Net::SSLeay::d2i_OCSP_REQUEST($todo->{req});
Net::SSLeay::OCSP_response_verify($self->{ssl},$resp,$req);
}) {
if ($@) {
@soft_error = $@
} else {
my @err;
while ( my $err = Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error()) {
push @soft_error, Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string($err);
}
@soft_error = 'failed to verify OCSP response; subject: '.
join("; ",@{$todo->{subj}}) if ! @soft_error;
}
# configuration problem or we don't know the signer
$self->{cache}->put($_,{
soft_error => "@soft_error",
expire => time()+120,
}) for (@{$todo->{ids}});
# extract results from response
} elsif ( my @result =
Net::SSLeay::OCSP_response_results($resp,@{$todo->{ids}})) {
my (@found,@miss);
for my $rv (@result) {
if ($rv->[2]) {
push @found,$rv->[0];
if (!$rv->[1]) {
# no error
$self->{cache}->put($rv->[0],$rv->[2]);
} elsif ( $rv->[2]{statusType} ==
Net::SSLeay::V_OCSP_CERTSTATUS_GOOD()) {
# soft error, like response after nextUpdate
push @soft_error,$rv->[1]."; subject: ".
join("; ",@{$todo->{subj}});
$self->{cache}->put($rv->[0],{
%{$rv->[2]},
soft_error => "@soft_error",
expire => time()+120,
});
} else {
# hard error
$self->{cache}->put($rv->[0],$rv->[2]);
push @hard_error, $rv->[1]."; subject: ".
join("; ",@{$todo->{subj}});
}
} else {
push @miss,$rv->[0];
}
}
if (@miss && @found) {
# we sent multiple responses, but server answered only to one
# try again
$self->{todo}{$uri} = $todo;
$todo->{ids} = \@miss;
$todo->{req} = Net::SSLeay::i2d_OCSP_REQUEST(
Net::SSLeay::OCSP_ids2req(@miss));
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG("$uri just answered ".@found." of ".(@found+@miss)." requests");
}
} else {
@soft_error = "no data in response; subject: ".
join("; ",@{$todo->{subj}});
# probably configuration problem
$self->{cache}->put($_,{
soft_error => "@soft_error",
expire => time()+120,
}) for (@{$todo->{ids}});
}
Net::SSLeay::OCSP_REQUEST_free($req) if $req;
if ($self->{failhard}) {
push @hard_error,@soft_error;
@soft_error = ();
}
if (@soft_error) {
$self->{soft_error} .= "; " if $self->{soft_error};
$self->{soft_error} .= "$uri: ".join('; ',@soft_error);
}
if (@hard_error) {
$self->{hard_error} = "$uri: ".join('; ',@hard_error);
%{$self->{todo}} = ();
} elsif ( ! %{$self->{todo}} ) {
$self->{hard_error} = ''
}
return $self->{hard_error};
}
# make all necessary requests to get OCSP responses blocking
sub resolve_blocking {
my ($self,%args) = @_;
while ( my %todo = $self->requests ) {
eval { require HTTP::Tiny } or die "need HTTP::Tiny installed";
# OCSP responses have their own signature, so we don't need SSL verification
my $ua = HTTP::Tiny->new(verify_SSL => 0,%args);
while (my ($uri,$reqdata) = each %todo) {
$DEBUG && DEBUG("sending OCSP request to $uri");
my $resp = $ua->request('POST',$uri, {
headers => { 'Content-type' => 'application/ocsp-request' },
content => $reqdata
});
$DEBUG && DEBUG("got OCSP response from $uri code=$resp->{status}");
defined ($self->add_response($uri,
$resp->{success} && $resp->{content}))
&& last;
}
}
$DEBUG>=2 && DEBUG("no more open OCSP requests");
return $self->{hard_error};
}
1;
__END__